Early Childhood Growth and Development Essay

This assignment we were asked to review chapter 2 of our text Developmental Profiles: Pre-Birth through Twelve. We were asked to write a three to four page paper which includes the following: * A description of how the concept of development differs from the concept of growth. * A summary of the domains of development identified in chapter 2 course text * An analysis of the developmental milestone examples in the text i. e. sitting, walking, talking and the purpose they serve. * Lastly, identify and explain three factors that may contribute to atypical development. Now that we have all of this discussed and what this paper entails let us get to it. Before we can even get into the meat of this paper we first must know and understand the definition and the difference between development and growth. Our text gives us a definition of both growth and development. Development according to our text refers to an increase in complexity, from simple to more complicated and detailed. Growth is defined in our text as physical changes leading to an increase in size. (Allen & Marotz, 2010) The terms growth and development refers to a dynamic process. Often used interchangeably, these terms have different meanings. Growth and development are interdependent, interrelated process. Growth generally takes place during the first 20 years of life; Development continues after that. (www. scribd. com). After reading the above lines and sitting and contemplating on them. The Human Growth and Development website stated that â€Å"Growth takes place during the first 20 years of life and development continues after that. † (www. scribd. com). I am not a board certified doctor but I do disagree with that statement because of that fact that yes growth and development are interdependent of one another but we all develop as we grow. Yes there is a difference in the concept of growth and development but one must look at the definition of each. Growth is the physical aspect of the two, example after a baby is born the birth weight, height, and head circumference is charted. The pediatrician then requests the parent(s) to bring the child back in two months. The two month check-up everything again is charted and this is done in intervals through out the life of the child. The chart shows the growth of the child from birth to present. As we grow we also develop. This means that we develop our senses, our thoughts, personality etc. According to the Human Growth and Development site development is the behavioral aspect of the two. (www. scribd. com). I tend to believe this because as we get older we tend to grow or develop into ourselves. We are not born with our personality, this has to develop. We were not born walking we had to develop the strength of our legs in order to walk. The next phase of our assignment is to summarize the developmental domains mentioned in our text. Before I do this summary I just want to point out that â€Å"the early childhood years are filled with staggering growth and development. There are four main areas of development that occur all at the same time. (www. teachpreschool. org). The domains listed in the text are as follows: * Physical Development – governs the major tasks of infancy; this domain also governs both gross motor skills (crawling, walking, running) and fine motor skills (hand-eye coordination, cutting, writing, weaving) (Allen & Marotz, 2010; www. teachpreschool. org). * Cognitive Development – addresses the expansion of a child’s intellect or mental abilities. (Allen & Marotz, 2010) * Perceptual Development – this domain addresses the complex way a child uses information received through the senses- sight, hearing, touch, smell taste and body position. This domain also enables the child to focus on what is relevant or irrelevant at any given moment. (Allen & Marotz, 2010) * Language Development – is the domain that enables the child to communicate with his/her peers. Most children tend to understand a variety of words, concepts, and relationships before they have words to describe or communicate. This ability is called receptive language. There is another term used called expressive language which is words used to verbalize thoughts and feelings. (Allen & Marotz, 2010) * Social Development- the understanding on how to communicate, share and make friends. This also covers how we feel about ourselves. (www. teachpreschool. org; Allen & Marotz, 2010) * Emotional Development- The building blocks for positive self esteem and self confidence. Most theorists place Social development and Emotional development in one because these two are interrelated as well. (www. teachpreschool. org). We are almost through walking through Early Childhood Growth and Development; now let us talk about developmental milestones. Developmental milestones are a set of functional skills or age specific tasks that most children can do at a certain age range. (www. med. umich. edu). In our text it talked about sitting, walking, and talking milestones, but before I get into the analysis of each one we must remember that â€Å"Babies develop at their own pace, so it is impossible to tell exactly when you child will learn a given skill. † (www. mychildwithoutlimits. org) The milestones that are talked about in our text can vary from child to child. Some babies may learn to sit up on their own as early as six months of age while others according to the Developmental Milestones Chart printed by My Child without Limits. org states that a child getting to a sitting position happens at 1 year. This is not uncommon some children develop faster than others. The purpose of the developmental milestones is to let the parents know that their child is growing up normally. As a parent you should not typically be alarmed if your child is a couple of months behind other children their age, but lets say your child is 24 months old and has not yet walked then yes there should be some concern there. Atypical growth and development is not an uncommon situation. This type of development stems from poor health and nutrition, injury, genetic errors, and many other factors. (Allen & Marotz, 2010). I have listed several factors that may contribute to atypical development and I will talk about each as follows: * Injury- A woman has to protect themselves at all costs when pregnant. If for whatever reason she falls and hurts herself it is a possibility that there can be damage to the child. A car accident can cause damage to the child * Genetic factors- these factors could come from either parent or both. Genes play a major part in development because we all get 26 chromosomes from each parent for a total of 52. If either parent’s chromosomes are genetically defective then the child could be affected. * Poor Health and Nutrition- the child feeds off of the mother in vitro and if the mother is using drugs and not eating right  or taking her pre natal pills then the child could come out deformed, with some sort of brain deficiency or some sort of health problem. Now that this is all said and done. I do hope that this paper can help you as it did me in the growth and development of the early child. REFERENCES: Developmental Profiles: Pre-birth through Twelve Allen, Eileen K and Martoz, Lynn R. 2010 Wadsworth Publishing Developmental Milestones www. med. umich. edu Developmental Milestones Chart www. mychildwithoutlimits. org Brief Look at Developmental Domains in Early Childhood Education www. teachpreschool. org Human Growth and Development www. scribd. com.

Corporate Social Responsibility -Pros and Cons Essay

CSR which stands for corporate social responsibility which is also known as corporate citizenship, corporate conscience and responsible business. 2.Different organisations have framed different definitions – but in a nutshell CSR is about how companies manage the business processes to produce an overall positive impact on society. It is like giving back to the society. 3.CSR working would go beyond monetary donations to involvement in actual planning, execution and monitoring of public welfare programmes which has an overall impact to the consumers, workforce and stakeholders. 4.By adopting CSR it enables the corporate sector to achieve the twin objective of achieving a measurable positive change in the community and also the brand building of the company, boosting the morale of owners, shareholders, employees and customers. 5.All leading corporates in India are involved in corporate social responsibility (CSR) programmes in areas like education, health, livelihood creation, skill development, and empowerment of weaker sections of the society. 6.Our company is too busy surviving hard times to do this. We can’t afford to take our eye off the ball – we have to focus on core business. It’s the responsibility of the politicians to deal with all this stuff. It’s not our role to get involved 7.Notable efforts have come from the Tata Group, Infosys, Bharti Enterprises, ITC Welcome group, Indian Oil Corporation among others. 8.As per the latest news, government’s new companies bill reportedly ask large companies to spend 2 % of their net profit on CSR.The theory is that corporates must aim for social goals not just profits. 9.To summarize CSR is one where it’s a win- win situation for both company as well as for the society.

Amistad Summary

Amistad Movie Summary The film begins in the depths of the schooner La Amistad, a slave-ship carrying captured West Africans into slavery. The films protagonist, Sengbe Pieh, most known by his Spanish name, Cinque, painstakingly picks a nail out of the ships structure and uses it to pick the lock on his shackles. Freeing a number of his companions, Cinque initiates a rebellion on board the storm-tossed vessel. In the ensuing fighting, several Africans and most of the ships Spanish crew are killed, but Cinque saves two of the ships officers, Ruiz and Montez, whom he believes can sail them back to Africa. After six weeks have passed, the ship is running out of food and fresh water, and Cinque is growing angry with Yamba who believes keeping the Spaniards alive is the only way to get back to Africa. During the night, they pass another vessel, carrying a group of wealthy English-speaking passengers having a dinner party on deck. The next day, they sight land. Unsure of their location, a group of African men takes one of the ships boats to shore to fetch fresh water. While there, La Amistad is found by a military vessel bearing an American flag the Spaniards have tricked the Africans by sailing directly for the United States. Captured by the American Navy, the Amistad Africans are taken to a municipal jail in New Haven, Connecticut, where the ships occupants, and a tearful Cinque, are thrown into a grim dungeon, awaiting trial. The films focus now shifts to Washington, D. C. , where a session in the House of Representatives introduces John Quincy Adams (Anthony Hopkins), the elderly former President and politician. While strolling in the gardens, Adams is introduced to two of the countrys leading abolitionists; the elderly freed slave Theodore Joadson (Morgan Freeman) and Christian activist Mr. Tappan (Stellan Skarsgard), both of whom are leading shipping magnates in New England and co-proprietors of the pro-abolitionist newssheet The Emancipator. The two have heard of the plight of the Amistad Africans and attempt to enlist Adams to help their cause. Adams, apparently verging on senility, refuses to help, claiming that he neither condemns nor condones slavery. News of the Amistad incident also reaches current President of the United States, Martin Van Buren (Nigel Hawthorne), who is bombarded with demands for compensation from the juvenile Spanish Head of State, Queen Isabella II of Spain (Anna Paquin). At a preliminary hearing in a district court, the Africans are charged with insurrection on the high seas, and the case rapidly dissolves into conflicting claims of property ownership from the Kingdom of Spain, the United States, the surviving officers of La Amistad, and the officers of the naval vessel responsible for re-capturing the slave-ship. Aware that they cannot fight the case on moral grounds, the two abolitionists enlist the help of a young attorney specializing in property law; Roger Sherman Baldwin (Matthew McConaughey). At the jail, Baldwin and the abolitionists, along with a nervous Professor of Linguistics, attempt to talk to the Amistad Africans, but neither side is able to understand anything the other party says. In the prison, events among the Africans are accelerating. Yamba, Cinques apparent rival for authority amongst the Africans, has converted to Christianity and is now resigned to his death, believing that execution will send them to a pleasant afterlife. The death of a young man provokes the Africans into a furious demonstration against the American authorities, screaming and chanting in their native languages as a prison riot threatens. As the hearings drag on, Baldwin and Joadson regularly walk round the city docks, counting numbers in the Mande language, in an attempt to recruit an interpreter. They eventually happen upon a black sailor in the Royal Navy, James Covey (Chiwetel Ejiofor). Using Coveys linguistic abilities, Baldwin and his companions are able to talk to Cinque. In his first speaking role in the courtroom, Cinque, through a series of flashbacks, tells the haunting story of how he became a slave. Cinque, a peasant farmer and young husband and father in West Africa, was kidnapped by African slave-hunters and taken to the slave fortress of Lomboko, an illegal facility in the British Protectorate of Sierra Leone. There, he and hundreds of other captured Africans were loaded onto transatlantic slave-ship (Tecora). Cinque tells of the various horrors of the Middle Passage, including frequent rape, horrific torture, and random executions carried out by the crew, including the deaths of fifty people deliberately drowned in order to save food. Upon their arrival in Cuba, Cinque was sold at a slave market and purchased, along with many other Tecora survivors, by the owners of La Amistad. Once aboard La Amistad, Cinque was able to free himself of his shackles, and began the slaves rebellion for freedom. The courtroom drama continues as District Attorney William S. Holabird (Pete Postlethwaite) and Secretary of State John Forsyth (David Paymer) press their case for property rights and dismiss Cinques story as a mere piece of fiction. While exploring the impounded vessel La Amistad for much-needed evidence to support the Africans claims, Baldwin happens upon a notebook, stuffed into a crevice by Ruiz and Montez to conceal the evidence of illegal slave-trading. Using the book as hard evidence of illegal trading, Baldwin calls expert witnesses including Captain Fitzgerald (Peter Firth), a British naval commander assigned to patrol the West Africa coastline to enforce the British Empires anti-slavery policies. As Fitzgerald is cross-examined by the haughty Holabird, tension in the courtroom rises, ultimately prompting Cinque to leap from his seat and cry Give us free over and over, a heartfelt plea using the English he has learned. Cinques plea touches many, apparently including the judge in a court ruling, Judge Coglin (Jeremy Northam) dismisses all claims of ownership, rules that the Africans were captured illegally and not born on plantations, orders the arrest of the Amistads remaining crew on charges of slave-trading, and authorizes the United States to convey the Amistad Africans back to Africa at the expense of the nation. While Cinque, Joadson, Baldwin, and the jubilant Africans celebrate their victory, a state dinner at the White House threatens to overturn the ruling. While conversing with the Spanish Ambassador to Washington, Senator John C. Calhoun (Arliss Howard) launches into a damning diatribe aimed at President Van Buren, emphasising the economic importance of slaves in the South, and ends his tirade with a concealed but clear threat that should the government set a precedent for abolition by releasing the Amistad Africans, the South will have little choice but to go to war with the north. With his advisors warning that the Amistad incident could bring the United States one big step closer to civil war, President Van Buren orders that the case be submitted to the Supreme Court, dominated by its Southern slave-owning judges. Furious, Mr. Tappan splits with Joadson and Baldwin, who break the news to an enraged and disgusted Cinque. In need of an ally with legal background in the intricacies of Supreme Court workings, Baldwin and Joadson meet again with John Quincy Adams, who has been following the case carefully. Adams, aware that Cinque is now refusing to talk to Baldwin, invites the African leader to his home. While Adams gives him a rambling tour of his greenhouse, Cinques emotional reaction to seeing a West African violet, native to his homeland, convinces Adams to assist the case. At the Supreme Court, John Quincy Adams gives a long and passionate speech in defense of the Africans. Arguing that if Cinque were white and had rebelled against the British, the United States would have exalted him as a hero; and that the Africans rebellion to gain their freedom was no different to the Americans rebellion against their oppressors some seventy years earlier. Arguing that condemning the Amistad Africans would render the principles and ideals of the Constitution worthless, he exhorts the judges to free the Africans, stating that the looming threat of civil war will simply be the final battle of the American Revolution. His case made, the United States awaits the Supreme Courts ruling. On the day of judgment, Justice Joseph Story (Harry Blackmun) announces the Supreme Courts decision on the case. Believing that the Amistad Africans were illegally kidnapped from their homes in Africa, United States laws on slave ownership do not apply. Furthermore, since that was the case, the Amistad Africans were within their rights to use force to escape their confinement. The Supreme Court authorizes the release of the Africans and their conveyance back to Africa. Legally freed for the second and final time, Cinque bids emotional farewells to his companions; shaking Adams hand, giving Joadson his most treasured possession, a lion tooth which is his only memento of Africa, and thanking Baldwin in English. As Cinque is about to leave, Baldwin clasps Cinque and bids a farewell, in the Mande language, to the African leader. The end of the film depicts various scenes. Royal marines assault the Lomboko Slave Fortress, killing the slavers and freeing the kidnapped Africans held within the dungeons. With the fortress evacuated, Captain Fitzgerald, who has finally located the fortress, orders his warship of the Royal Navys West Africa Anti-Slavery Squadron to open fire on the facility, destroying Lomboko. Interspersed with this are scenes of Martin Van Buren losing his election campaign. The final scenes depict Cinque and the freed Africans returning to Africa, dressed in white, the West African colour of victory and accompanied by James Covey, who has shed his British uniform in exchange for African attire.

Influence of Social Media on the Information Anxiety Essay

Influence of Social Media on the Information Anxiety - Essay Example With the advent of social networks like face book, individuals are free to communicate at any given moment. Social networks enable people to express their views in any way they may feel like. There are no limitations that can hinder the individuals to express whatever information and ideas they may want. Social networks enable individuals to post information they want since they are responsible for controlling the content they might want to post on their web pages. People use social media to their own advantage and they also want to manipulate other people to view the world from their own perspective. Each individual strives to advance his or her values as ideal compared to those believed by other people. The other issue about social networks is that they have removed geographical boundaries and people can consume whatever kind of information they may want. This has led people to be anxious to learn different things from the internet.The other issue is that the individuals shape thei r own values through the use of different social networks like the one mentioned above. For instance, it is argued that each voice is there to criticise other voices that do not agree with it. Values are shaped by people and they are in most cases designed to advance the interests of the individuals concerned. However, there are divergent views towards the values of the other people. This brings us to the understanding that values are not universal and they cannot be unanimously imposed on other people who may have different views.

Plant Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Plant Psychology - Essay Example After all, they too have requirements for living as others, and if at all these requirements are not fulfilled, they will cease to survive. So there any proof of plants' behavior Plants do some amazing things; photosynthesis is outstanding work, and so is splitting water molecules. Plants can even communicate amongst each other by releasing chemicals into the air. These chemicals were 'unknown' to humans until we developed instruments sensitive enough to detect them. So, plants do not need to be endowed with superhuman attributes to be displaying psychology. Backster in 1968 claimed that all living cells are capable of "primary perception," a form of direct biological communication. He monitored the electrical resistance on the surface of one leaf on each of three philodendrons to see if they would respond at the moment of death of distant brine shrimp. The plants were monitored throughout these time periods. The procedure was totally automated, and the experimenter left the premises during the process of the experiment. The plant's responses were recorded on a strip chart recorder, which were later analyzed by three blind judges. There was a significantly greater amount of activity on the plants, showing they had 'felt; what had happened to other plants (Sargent, 1982). Simply because plants lack a nervous system, people never care to think over the fact that plants can also portray behavior.

Critically Evaluate the Evidence for the Mode of life, Behaviour and Essay

Critically Evaluate the Evidence for the Mode of life, Behaviour and Ancestry of the Pterosaurs (flying reptiles) - Essay Example Pterosaurs form the group of the first animals to fly. The winged lizards belonged to the order pterosauria. Their wings stretched from the ankle to a lengthened forth finger. Their bones were hollow, and air filled, like those for birds. They had a keeled breastbone that developed and got attached to flight muscles. Their brain was enlarged hence, showed specialized features associated with flight. Later developments of the species saw their shoulders fused into a structure known as notarium. Its purpose was to conceal the torso during flight and provide a stable support to the shoulder blade. Wilton (2013) research shows that pterosaurs remained conservative for 70 million years after which, they started practicing adaptation with all kinds of new modes of life. Such adaptation lifestyles included change of food and food sources. Pterosaurs are believed to be the ancestors of the modern day birds. However, this is not the truth. They resemble birds in many ways, but they are not cl ose to being birds. There were two major kinds of pterosaurs, the rhamphorhynchoid and pterodactyls. The first consisted of a smaller pterosaur, and the later comprised of large bodied and rare pterosaur (Bennet, 1989). Main features of pterosaurs They belonged to the category of weak flyers. Recent studies implicate that the wings of the pterosaurs were flappers, not gliders. An elongated digit on their claws was attached to them. The flight membrane and muscle attachments connected the digit to the arm, shoulders and chest to enable the creature gain stability during flight (Bennet, 1989). The wings extended up to 40 feet and attached to the hind limbs. The essence was to connect the hands and legs. The bones were hollow (i.e. honeycomb). This made them light for easy flight (Bennet, 1989). The membranes were very complex but very thin for flight purposes. The consistent of the membrane included blood vessels, fibrous tissues and small muscles. The membrane performed cooling funct ions preventing the body from too much heat (Bennet, 1989). Pterosaurs walked on four legs. This caused constraint to the animal since it could not walk fast with its limbs connected to the wings. These features lead to the conclusion that pterosaurs evolved from tree climbing reptiles. Their claws were curled like those of tree climbing reptiles (Frey et al. 2003). The claws of the hind limbs resembled those of the birds that walked on the ground (Prentice, Ruta & Benton, 2011). Those of the forelimbs resembled those of the perching birds. The adaptability mode for the limbs was to be able to walk on the ground and perch on trees (Bennet, 1989). Scientists critically examine the head of the animals and come up with many physiological and behavioral traits of the animals. The shape of the head acts as an adaptive feature for prey catching. Some pterosaurs had beaks long, to about two feet (Witton, &Naish, 2008). Those that had teeth were very sharp aligned on the side of both jaws. The ones that did not have teeth had very long, pointed and sharp edged bills (Kellner, 2003). The animal had a head that sloped downwards. The floccolus is a lobe in the brain that had connections to the eye and neck muscles (Padian, 1997). The functions of the connection were to stabilize and sharpen view of pray within the eyes. Some pterosaurs had head crests thought to have been used to attract mates or repel rivals and attackers (Prentice, Ruta& Benton, 2008). They

Salary Inequality in the Workplace - when do men still earn more Research Paper

Salary Inequality in the Workplace - when do men still earn more - Research Paper Example Despite the theories, there is no concrete evidence as to why salary inequality is still a problem, suggesting that the disparity is a social problem with a very hidden agenda to satisfy the needs of a patriarchic work environment. Why do Men Earn More? Allyn (2003) suggests that men earn more than their female counterparts due to the return on investment achieved through education. According to an empirical study, education is geared more to provide men with better understanding of computer systems. Thus, when men and women enter the workforce, men who receive complimentary benefits are assumed to have a better knowledge base associated with technology usage, giving them a salary advantage (Allyn 2003). Under this assumption, salary disparity between the different sexes is a product of the educational system and the provision of knowledge associated with technology. Is this a rational explanation for the aforementioned inequality? If so, one could easily blame the administration in today’s colleges and universities for not creating a diverse curriculum that provides men and women with the same quality learning outcomes. It is likely that many educators and administrators in the teaching environment would strongly argue against Allyn’s study results, suggesting that there are ample and equal opportunities for both female and male students in the schools’ attempts to provide identical learning systems. Many universities, today, make it part of their ethical policies to ensure uniform educational methods that provide equivalent instruction and coaching that facilitates scholarship for both sexes. Thus, if Allyn’s findings are accurate, there must be bias within the educational system that prevents women from attaining the knowledge in technology necessary to achieve equalized pay upon graduation. However, with no concrete research evidence, this is only speculation. Connell (1997) indicates that the salary disparity between men and wom en is quite simple: it is the product of a long-standing patriarchic society that was built by men and sustained by men, thus reducing opportunities for women to advance equally. Since the majority of executives in the business environment are male, there is the assumption that a patriarchic hegemony (domination) resides at the highest levels of the organization. Any attempts to undo the male-dominated workforce would therefore, under this theory, lead to backlash or even sabotage when women attempt to exert their own supremacy (Connell, 1997). Anyone in society with a thoughtful mind could surely support the notion that the workforce as it is known today was built on male governance. The vast majority of businesspersons in history were male, therefore creating authority and control systems in the business world borne of male-generated policy and procedure. It was quite rare in yesteryear for a woman to expand their education and knowledge in order to attain a position of prominence in the business organization. In this time period, it was commonplace for women to maintain a role as housewife and mother, sustaining the household as a reward for receipt of male earnings. This was the foremost role of women until the 1940s, but this mentality was altered in the 20th Century as

Fashion blog entry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fashion blog entry - Essay Example The blog entry had well-shaped the storyline of designing by Karl Lagerfeld in his career of 25 years with the brand Chanel. It is quite evident that selecting Karl Lagerfeld as the creative director for the brand Chanel was the biggest decision of Chanel which was proved by Karl in the later years of his experience with Chanel. The contribution of Karl Lagerfeld is not just limited to presenting continuity to the traditional approach of the brand Chanel but also Karl managed to enhance the brand by merging new trends and demands. The informative blog entry about Karl had wonderfully attributed Karl Lagerfeld creativeness as an individual as he owns a publishing house as well as a taste in photography. In no way, people can stop thinking about his contributions to the world of fashion. One addition to the blog entry would be that people who look into the fashion world for the influencing thought of fashion consciousness idolize Karl Lagerfeld. Karl’s contribution could not be well-defined in words as its creativeness is in the colors blacks, grays and whites

Visual perception issues involved in traffic accidents Essay

Visual perception issues involved in traffic accidents - Essay Example The sense is so well adapted to its purpose that we normally assume that what we perceive are the actual objects (Calvert, 2000) Eyes are the gateway through which electromagnetic radiation from our surroundings enters the visual system, exciting a flood of information from the distorted, two-dimensional image cast upon the sensitive cells of the retina. Most of vision takes place in the brain, and this begins in the retina, where the signals from neighboring receivers are compared and a coded message dispatched on the optic nerves to the occipital cortex, behind the ears, where the information is formatted and made available to the processing activities of the brain. The eye is essentially a motion detector, its original purpose when eyes began to evolve from light-sensitive pits in the pre-Cambrian (Calvert, 2000). The act of seeing starts when visual stimuli pass sequentially through the eyes' optics, which are responsible for forming the retinal image; the photoreceptors, which sample and transduce the image into neural signals; and two to four retinal neurons, which transform and transmit those signals to the optic nerve and eventually to the central visual pathways. Considerable information is lost in these early stages of the process as evidenced by the close correspondence between the filtering properties of the optics and receptors, and some measures of visual sensitivity (Granrud, 1993) Visual perception & Traffic accidents On the roads of the USA 41,821 individuals were killed and 3.2 million injured during the year 2000. Given the high prevalence of automobile collisions, plenty of research has been conducted to understand the probable causes of such high rate of accidents. Such reports link errors in perception and decision-making as the premier probable cause of the majority of these accidents (Gray, 2004). Sensing the movements of the world and the objects within it is the fundamental job for the visual system. Tasks such as driving a fast car down the freeway require a good sense of the movements of the driver and other objects on the road ahead (Snowden & Freeman, 2004). To sense such movements require what is known as "motion adaptation," which is a change in the motion-detecting cells in the brain that is produced by staring too long at moving objects (Gugliotta & Stein, 2001). Research shows that motion adaptation, even though a very common situation, can put a driver at high risk for rear-end collisions. When a driver stares at an empty straight road for too long, it causes a change in his motion detecting brain-cells, leading to motion adaptation (Gugliotta & Stein, 2001). Keeping one's eyes on the highway ahead may actually present a danger because the brain plays tricks on drivers. These tricks of the brain mean that drivers on the open road often get too close to other cars before passing (Belchak, 2001). Motion adaptation can have detrimental effects while the driver tries to overtake another vehicle, all the while focusing intently on the road ahead. Studies show that drivers started passing cars a fraction of a second later after driving five minutes on a straight empty highway than when they drove on a winding country road. This suggests that drivers over-estimate the time they need to pass safely whilst driving faster (Gugliotta & Stein, 2001). Psychologists say that focusing in the road in front of the car for too long can be hazardous due to motion adaptat

Supply, Demand and Price Elasticity Essay Example for Free

Supply, Demand and Price Elasticity Essay A commodity is a basic good that can be bought, sold, or even used as currency in parts of the world. Items such as coffee, sugar, soybeans, gold, silver, wheat, gasoline, corn, platinum, oranges, and crude oil are examples of commodities in the global marketplace. Consumers demand commodities to meet their needs in the consumption of food, or the creation of other goods or services. Suppliers, often farmers, supply the commodities to the marketplace. Several factors can affect both the supply and demand of commodities. Selected causes that affect supply and demand will be discussed as well as the effects these causes have on price, quantity, and market equilibrium. Finally, the paper will determine whether the chosen commodity, sugar, is a luxury item or a necessity, identify the availability of substitutes, and discuss how these attributes impact sugar’s price elasticity. Supply and Demand Impacts and Effects As mentioned above, the commodity chosen for discussion is sugar. Much of the world considers sugar an important commodity, used for sweetening foods, and in making other products such as baking. For these reasons, consumers highly value sugar, so its demand remains high. Crops such as sugar cane and sugar beets produce refined sugar. These crops grow in many areas of the world, including the United States, Australia, and India. Sugar operates within a market economy, so several factors cause shifts in supply and demand. Perhaps the most important factor that affects the supply of sugar is weather. As a crop grown throughout the world, sugar cane or beets are subject to extreme temperatures, flooding, drought, and even insects. Recent severe flooding in northeastern Australia has diminished the world sugar supply (Josephs, 2010). As large amounts of sugar are lost to weather, the supply curve shifts to the left, quantity supplied drops, prices increase, and market equilibrium increases as overall demand decreases. Another impact to the world supply of sugar is the development of farming and harvesting techniques to allow planting of sugar cane or sugar beets in new nvironments and climates. This scenario increase the quantity of sugar supplied to the world marketplace, shifting the supply curve to the right. When this happens, quantity increases, prices fall, and market equilibrium edges lower as demand increases. Importing and exporting of sugar directly impacts sugar supply. Nations that produce sugar determine how much sugar to export, what price they will charge for the sugar, and whom they are willing to supply sugar. For example, India is currently exporting less sugar than expected (Josephs, 2010). This action reduces the quantity supplied, in turn increasing price and market equilibrium because of decreased demand for sugar at higher prices. Another impact to the supply and demand of sugar is speculative buying. In this case, buyers purchase sugar in hopes of raising the price of sugar by reducing the supply available on the open market. The effect of the reduced supply causes prices to rise as well as market equilibrium. As prices rise, the buyers sell their sugar holdings, increasing the total sugar supply in turn reducing prices and market equilibrium. Price Elasticity Determination Though used by people in nearly every country, sugar remains a luxury item. Sugar is mainly used to add flavor or sweeten foods such as baked goods, fresh fruit, tea, and coffee. According to recent studies, the average American consumes 150 – 170 pounds of sugar per year (Regan, 2011). Excess sugar consumption produces side effects such as weight gain, hyper activity, diabetes, or high blood sugar. To counteract these effects, numerous sugar substitutes such as Equal, Splenda, Stevia, Truvia, and high fructose corn syrup exist in the marketplace. The availability of many sugar substitutes in the marketplace creates elastic demand for pure sugar (Hubbard O Brien, 2010). As sugar prices rise, consumers seek lower priced substitutes. Substitutes lower the demand for sugar without changing the quantity of sugar supplied, signaling a shift of the demand curve to the left, lowering the price as well as market equilibrium of sugar. Conclusion Many factors such as adverse weather, farming innovations, importing and exporting, and substitute availability influence both the supply and demand of soft commodities like sugar, coffee, and wheat. Each effect on supply or demand influences price, quantity, and market equilibrium differently. Luxury items with many available substitutes, like sugar, have a more elastic demand than necessity products like gasoline or heating oil having few or no substitutes available.

Athletes as role models

Athletes as role models First Draft: Athletes as Role Models Sports and athletic games is a very popular way of entertainment that has played a major role in people life and since the first years of man existence. From the Greeks and Rome culture to present day, so its so refluxed to society that athletics become an inspiration to a lot of people in body fitness and victory sides. However, recent media has made athletics and the people who play it as role models or heroes. Athletes are seen all over the advertisements and television, every one can watch them in commercials, on shows, read about them in newspaper, and watch them on cinemas too. As Sports plays a big role in the society. So people always seek for positive athletic role models in their society. This leads to this what some people call a role model. So that research is to show importance of having positive athletic role models in society and the influence they have on and off the field. As some teens miss the role of parents who are no longer devote themselves to the young childre n to sit with them, and dialoguing in proportion to the age that no longer benefit the treatment of children with behavior of kindergarten. So they look for their favorite athletics which have positive effect and negative too according to the athlete personality. So the argumentative point that athletes are not only role models but, in todays media driven world Due to circumstances of modern life, and less physical activity of the human person as a result of the development .Since the human body needs physical activity for both the development and its vital functions and motor or To keep them at a high emotional level, the physical education must play their part in this area .In order to provide the bodys physical activity organizer who works to maintain the vitality some sponsors encourage sports men to be role models so Many are interested in youth business, and specialists as well , the presence of role model in the youth lives, which would help them to continue their lives trying to approach the perfection and get their goals so they seek something as inspiration , and thus contribute and participate directly to the success of these athletic young people in their lives, which necessarily mean success in their community ,as success in sports today means success in the society as well ,and it is common that half of young people present an d to the future teenagers too. Are looking to the youth role model , nowadays, in general, whether in the Arab world, or at the local level, there is lacks the presence of such role models in teenager life as parents or friends or relatives , although an exception among the young is proud to achieve their own goals and having the positive attitude of any negative phenomena in their society   those are so energetic and others like painting or any other hobbies except sports, but it is still exception, So when the media deal with youth affairs, and trying to catch teen eyes so they use those popular sports figures to achieve their goals ,like any other type of media   they choose the most successful teen player or the most skilful and get him in poster and contribute in newspapers, magazines and television to reach this result, and also its discovered that many of these young men and women, due to many reasons, multi-colors, but are talking and looking at certain models in singing the present time an example that followed the example in their lives and proud of it, simply because the famous singer appeared more beautiful after surgery to inflate the lips and other plastic surgeries , as well as for the Sports Stars of the story just felt pretty strange, or perhaps shown by their owners New Look . There is much of definitions to the role model so True role models are those who possess the qualities and positive principles that people would like to be like those as the has effect in people way of thinking and affected in a way that makes nations want to be better people. And to make sure of personal goals, people need to take leadership on the facts and traditions that people believe in. Most of people often dont recognize the true role models until they have noticed their own personal growth and progress. However the idea of role model is not common for all youth some just wanted to learn and not to take those as role models the good role model encourages people and teenagers to believe that they can get their goal and be a living example however .Some think being role model means that. It is the smile that they give to others. It is the look of stars and all this advertisement things. Some define Good Role Model as a person who tells, and influences teenagers to make the righ t choice in hard ways of life. As they should teach people that everyone should prove himself to get his goal whatever that means .people may need a reminder to work harder .especially that some of nations are lazy. But the deepest meaning is that role model has to be not just someone who teens look up to or is successful, but someone they can go through similar struggles challenges in life. It is thought that athletics who are role model is a positive idea, as Athletes who are Against Drugs give a good hope to those children and mold their behavior at a young age. As those children can early to resist peer pressure and alcoholic drinks so early so they can protect them from getting into troubles, and teaches them to stay out of troubles and problems and street fight as some of those kids are involved with gangs. The reason why most kids get involved in gangs is because it is a place where they feel they can fit in. So by monitoring athletics themselves and be against those stuff they can act as positive role models. Athletes are role models, and it is the athlete decision to either use their gift and their powers in a positive or a negative cause. Some athletes believe that the responsibility of being role models, but it does not change the clear fact that they are considered as role models by lots of children. There is a strong need for positive athletic role models in society; there is no negative side to have a positive athletic role model in teenager life. As stated in some sources I believe the majority of professional athletes provide a positive influence on our society. Athletes can be role models in many different ways. You can have a role model like Cal Ripken who doesnt say too much, but has played in the most consecutive games in baseball ever. A majority of professional athletes provide hope for young athletes all over the world As. some players have done many positive things in their lives and the lives of millions of children in the world through projects focusing on the lives of the poor and the suffering nations and contributing positively at world disasters, and contribute ,help   many patients with serious diseases, so if every realize to be active in their community and how to help others, and positively react, as lots of those athletics suffered so much in their lives before their become billionaires, but they remained with the same habits, generous, and provides a positive model in the sports world so they contribute in the aspects of humanity so they deserve some respect and appreciation. Some are against role model as sports men as the idea of heroes are becoming less admirable as the years go by and turned much in cash. With the recent steroids and become more alike heroine ,the real athletics who plays fair games some thinks they are rare this days to be admired by younger players as well. As most of the currently teenagers college aged students were growing up, recently, it is difficult to locate the major good player to be considered as a good example for young people to look up to. Also some sports dont have any civilized role which affect teens and make theme more aggressive as inspired by athletes of these days, as most of them habitual drug users and general criminals. High school athletes are taking the lead from those professional players and athletics that should play respective sports and more which leads to real problem.Also some thinks that Athletes arent always who they seem to be on television and media, they always look like smiling, happy people who just love to help out people in need and give hugs to little children. Some thinks they have another face behind scenes; it is thought they are actors who are good at playing sports, Really some players do not show their real face as it seem on TV, as a lot of them are hard to deal with and heartless folks who are looking for some cash. They might have addiction on drugs or drinking alcohol or many other horrible things, and those things the real role models should not be doing. Steroid and protein supplements and the injections which used by those to increase their performance has high health risk is now used by high school seniors, a direct correlation to the mammoth statistics by superstars who cheated the game. A source stated that The White House said a recent survey found steroid use among 8th, 10th and 12th graders combined was down from 2001 by 40% for use during lifetime, 42% for the past year and 22% for the past month. So a lot of youth are very affected by their athletics to have that muscular body or that higher performance of those athletics in shorter time. Some years ago an athlete said that I am not a role model. Actually some thought that he is not only talking about him, but all athletes in general. He referred that he is like most of normal people who want to play a fair game for his team and have his own personal life .So; every athlete should think before he signs a multimillion dollar deal, there is a little kid will put their poster on his wall, its great responsibility to be a role model or hero. However being a role model is not athletic responsibility its the audience responsibility to choose whatever he is good enough to represent his society or no, as some athletics are good and some are bad. And also and each of those advertisement organizations can choose what sort of message they want their representatives to deliver to their customers. So a lot of people may not agree with this statement as being model something an athlete can do to himself. However Young and talented teenager athletes sometimes place professional sports above other goals. Which may lead their carrier life to edge, they show low school grades so they wont be able to be apart of their society and they got paid but without education as well. To summaries the point of views .It is thought from some people that those athletics did not choose to be role models and they were not prepared to be a role model and they may do not ever wanted to be a role model, as its not their responsibility however they carry even a major part of it and also the Given the number of poor examples of sportsmanship ,sponsors on display in the media today, the responsibility for finding models of desirable behaviors and attitudes rests heavily on the shoulders of those involved in the youth environment. Coaches, parents, athletes, teachers, etc must be determined in their promotion of the youth environment. Those professional athletes and other athletes are daily supposed to spotlights and it is so easy to expect that they are watched by millions of people and audience and fans who like their teams, So those people are watching every move. The athletes must realize that when they make mistakes people will be watching and judge and interact with th at and even magazines will post it later. But also life is not fair and some do mistakes but also those athletics should act in positive way and take the responsibility for the consequences that come after mistakes that has been made. But also .role models athletes can do many positive things such as educating the young youth at schools by letting them know the importance of going to school and importance of sports as well. Those Athletes who are Against Drugs should be doing as role models. Those great athletics when they are up to training or open sports schools, provide people with lifelong learning skills that can flourish other areas of people lives, enhancing their confidence, improving the way with dealing with the challenges facing them in life, elevate self esteem and change the way of thinking in their life, Those athletics know that they are in the spotlight, Good and bad come out of sports and with recent media, as it over react with the actions of some players And publi sh it in many forms. Everyone out there is watching and for a prime time, the athlete as a role model is not an issue; its a Part of everyday life.

Philosophy and the Dialectic of Modernity :: Philosophical Essays

Philosophy and the Dialectic of Modernity ABSTRACT: Habermas' social philosophy can now be perceived in its oppositional structures and their symbolic meaning. His repetition of structural opposition finds its expression in the symbolism which pervades The Philosophic Discourse of Modernity in the opposition between the dreaded myth of the Dialectic of Enlightenment and the redemptive fantasy of the path yet to be taken. More significant for the intellectual culture of modernity is the neglect, by erasure on the part of this esteemed philosopher, of the great drama of philosophy in our time. This is the drama occasioned by the dialectical struggle, rushing to climax in the 20th Century, between Enlightenment reason and its Counterenlightenment opponent. The struggle between these philosophical constellations is refracted in the great wars of this century. Thus the drama of the philosophical thought of the century and its historical development is lost. The philosophic discourse of modernity has yet to be written. Its text, o nce it has been freed from the tenacity of ideological hostilities and their erasures and concealing circumlocutions, will at the same time provide the sought-for foundation for social philosophy and a just society: it is the philosophic framework of Modernity itself which is the foundation of all modern philosophies, in the dialectic of Enlightenment and its Counterenlightenment other. The social philosophy of Jurgen Habermas, outstanding philosopher and master dialectician of our time, has an immediate appeal to American philosophers, educated in the history of the Protestant migrations to the New World in search of religious freedom; educated also in the Founding Fathers who drew up a constitution for a modern republic heralded by Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence proclaiming the universality of human equality and natural rights; educated as well in the social philosophy of American pragmatism, in which Enlightenment principles of democracy and science become normative social processes. The appeal of Habermas to American philosophers long acculturated in the Enlightenment tradition is that of a voice speaking for reason and justice; he stands forth philosophically on behalf of "rehabilitating the Enlightenment" in the face of various current modes of thought engaged in its undermining. Habermas has been widely commended for his strong unequivocal stand as a German intellectual against the Nazi movement and the Holocaust it produced, and against any revisionist circumlocutions seeking to obscure those atrocities. Habermas is also commended for his repudiation of Martin Heidegger's complicity with Nazism and his retreat to linguistic mysticism.

Does God Exist? :: essays research papers

In my life on this planet I have come to question many things that many take on as blind faith. We all know that someday we will 'physically' die, Yet, we continuously deny the forces working inside ourselves which want to search out the true outcome of what may or may not come after death. It's far easier for humanity to accept that they will go on to a safe haven and be forgiven for all, rather than to question the existence of a super omnipotent being. Fortunately, there are some of us who tend to question the why's and how's that come before us. We question the creation of humanity and the religious teachings received from our parents, our church and our society. This paper examines the many rational arguments for and against the existence of God. It is based on the views of some of the great philosophers and scientists of our world. I will show that there is no sufficient proof or comprehensive arguments for the existence of God. Some people search for eternal peace through the beliefs in God; but this is an impossible belief because of the chances, the plausibility, and because of science. ONTOLOGICAL ARGUMENTS God generally refers to one supreme, holy, personal being,. The divine unity of ultimate good-ness and of ultimate reality. St. Anselm of Canterbury developed what we have learned to be the ontological argument. He began his argument by saying that even a fool can grasp or understand the concept of "a being than of which nothing greater can be conceived." He continues to state that a fool would say that the concept of this being's existence is only in his mind and in the mind of others but not in reality. However he also admits to the possibility of this being existing in reality. Whatever is understood by the fool is argued that than which nothing is greater can be conceived cannot solely exist in the mind but also in reality, hence, God exists. (Angelfire) This personally sounds like a salesperson's pitch to confuse and conquer for a sale. Gaunilo felt the same. He frequently debated with St. Anselm on behalf of the fool. He stated that it was not po ssible to visualize the concept of this perfect being because one can only imagine an image when one has an idea of what that image is suppose to resemble.

Beneficial Animal Testing Essay -- Science Ethics Scientific Research

Beneficial Animal Testing Animal testing has always been plagued with controversy on its ethical issues by animal activist groups and supportive scientists. Is it morally just to experiment and sacrifice laboratory animals on behalf of human research? Dr. Gina Solomon MD wrote her article regarding the benefits of animal testing to protect the human race and all other species. Her article â€Å"The Lesser Evil† shows the beneficial and positive aspects of animal experimentation. She approves the notion for animal testing but requests greater regulation and gentler methods of testing when scientifically possible. Dr. Solomon’s article was published in the Earth Island Journal, Autumn 2002, v17, i3, pg 47. Dr. Gina Solomon MD works for the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). She is a senior scientist and physician of the Health and Environment program. Dr. Solomon’s article is trustworthy and credible because she is a licensed practitioner of medicine and a chief scientist. She relies on personal experience and scientific data to justify the use of animal testing. She works for a reputable nonprofit organization whose opinions are valued for the protection of human life. Dr. Solomon focuses her article toward those who are undecided or opposed to animal testing. She hopes to persuade her audience of the scientific human advantage gained by animal experimentation. Animal experimentation is essential for the protection from harmful chemicals and pesticides for all living creatures on Earth. The animal research allows scientist to better recognize and distinguish poisonous materials for humans and wildlife. Animal activist agencies, such as PETA (People for the E thical Treatment of Animals), ar... ...a huge uncontrolled chemical experiment,† (Solomon, pg 47). I enjoyed Dr. Solomon’s article because she justifies her argument very thoroughly. She uses personal experience and factual information to support her opinions on animal testing. I found her article to be informative as well as persuasive. Her trustworthy personality shines through her article from her personal beliefs and convictions. She acknowledges the need for animal experimentation but does not appreciate the waste of any animal life. She used scientific research to explain the necessity to discover the dangerous chemical side effects endangering all life forms. The byproducts of Dr. Solomon’s article will be a better understanding for animal testing. People will accept testing on animals to be an essential part of human and wildlife protection from toxic chemicals and pesticides.

Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Essay

Known as Netaji (leader), Mr. Bose was a fierce and popular leader in the political scene in pre-independence India . He was the president of the Indian National Congress in 1937 and 1939, and founded a nationalist force called the Indian National Army. He was acclaimed as a semigod, akin to the many mythological heroes like Rama or Krishna, and continues as a legend in Indian mind. Subhas Chandra was born on January 23rd 1897 in Cuttack (in present day Orissa) as the ninth child among fourteen, of Janakinath Bose, an advocate, and Prabhavatidevi, a pious and God-fearing lady. A brilliant student, he topped the matriculation examination of Calcutta province and passed his B. A. in Philosophy from the Presidency College in Calcutta. He was strongly influenced by Swami Vivekananda’s teachings and was known for his patriotic zeal as a student. His parents’ wishes kept him away from the Indian freedom struggle and led him into studies for the Indian Civil Service in England. Although he finished those examinations also at the top of his class (4th), he could not complete his aprecentship and returned to India, being deeply disturbed by the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre. He came under the influence of Mahatma Gandhi and joined the Indian National Congress (a. k. a. Congress). Gandhiji directed him to work with Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das, the Bengali leader whom Bose acknowledged as his political guru. Bose was outspoken in his anti-British stance and was jailed 11 (eleven) times between 1920 and 1941 for periods varying between six months and three years. He was the leader of the youth wing of the Congress Party, in the forefront of the trade union movement in India and organized Service League, another wing of Congress. He was admired for his great skills in organization development . The Influence of Bose Bose advocated complete freedom for India at the earliest, whereas the Congress Committee wanted it in phases, through a Dominion status. Other younger leaders including Jawaharlal Nehru supported Bose and finally at the historic Lahore Congress convention, the Congress had to adopt Poorna Swaraj (complete freedom) as its motto. Bhagat Singh’s martyrdom and the inability of the Congress leaders to save his life infuriated Bose and he started a movement opposing the Gandhi-Irvin Peace Pact. He was imprisoned and expelled from India. But defying the ban, he came back to India and was imprisoned again! Clouds of World War II were gathering fast and Bose warned the Indian people and the British against dragging India into the war and the material losses she could incur. He was elected president of the Indian National Congress twice in 1937 and in 1939, the second time defeating Gandhiji’s nominee. He brought a resolution to give the British six months to hand India over to the Indians, failing which there would be a revolt. There was much opposition to his rigid stand, and he resigned from the post of president and formed a progressive group known as the Forward Block (1939). The second World War broke out in September of 1939, and just as predicted by Bose, India was declared as a warring state (on behalf of the British) by the Governor General, without consulting Indian leaders. The Congress party was in power in seven major states and all state governments resigned in protest. Subhas Chandra Bose now started a mass movement against utilizing Indian resources and men for the great war. To him, it made no sense to further bleed poor Indians for the sake of colonial and imperial nations. There was a tremendous response to his call and the British promptly imprisoned him . He took to a hunger-strike, and after his health deteriorated on the 11th day of fasting, he was freed and was placed under house arrest. The British were afraid of violent reactions in India, should something happen to Bose in prison. The Mystery Begins†¦ Bose suddenly disappeared in the beginning of 1941 and it was not until many days that authorities realized Bose was not inside the house they were guarding! He traveled by foot, car and train and resurfaced in Kabul (now in Afghanistan), only to disappear once again. In November 1941, his broadcast from German radio sent shock waves among the British and electrified the Indian masses who realized that their leader was working on a master plan to free their motherland. It also gave fresh confidence to the revolutionaries in India who were challenging the British in many ways. The Axis powers (mainly Germany) assured Bose military and other help to fight the British. Japan by this time had grown into another strong world power, occupying key colonies of Dutch, French, and British colonies in Asia. Bose had struck alliance with Germany and Japan. He rightly felt that his presence in the East would help his countrymen in freedom struggle and second phase of his saga began. It is told that he was last seen on land near Keil canal in Germany, in the beginning of 1943. A most hazardous journey was undertaken by him under water, covering thousands of miles, crossing enemy territories. He was in the Atlantic, the Middle East, Madagascar and the Indian ocean. Battles were being fought over land, in the air and there were mines in the sea. At one stage he traveled 400 miles in a rubber dinghy to reach a Japanese submarine, which took him to Tokyo. He was warmly received in Japan and was declared the head of the Indian army, which consisted of about 40,000 soldiers from Singapore and other eastern regions. Bose called it the Indian National Army (INA) and a government by the name â€Å"Azad Hind Government† was declared on the 21st of October 1943. INA freed the Andaman and Nicobar islands from the British, and were renamed as Swaraj and Shaheed islands. The Government started functioning. Leader of Masses and the Military  Bose in INA Uniform 1943 Early Success and Tragic End Bose wanted to free India from the Eastern front. He had taken care that Japanese interference was not present from any angle. Army leadership, administration and communications were managed only by Indians. Subhash Brigade, Azad Brigade and Gandhi Brigade were formed. INA marched through Burma and occupied Coxtown on the Indian Border. A touching scene ensued when the solders entered their ‘free’ motherland. Some lay down and kissed, some placed pieces of mother earth on their heads, others wept. They were now inside of India and were determined to drive out the British! Delhi Chalo (Let’s march to Delhi) was the war cry. The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki changed the history of mankind. Japan had to surrender. Bose was in Singapore at that time and decided to go to Tokyo for his next course of action. Unfortunately, the plane he boarded crashed near Taipei and he died in the hospital of severe burns. He was just 48. The Indian people were so much enamored of Bose’s oratory and leadership qualities, fealressness and mysterious adventures, that he had become a legend. They refused to believe that he died in the plane crash. The famous Red Fort trial wherein Bose’s generals and the INA officers were tried, became landmark events. Initially, the British Government thought of a court-martial, but there was a countrywide protest against any kind of punishment. For common Indians, Axis and Allied powers hardly mattered, but they could not tolerate punishment of fellow countrymen who were fighting for freedom. The British Government was in no position to face open rebellion or mutiny and a general amnesty for INA soldiers was declared. While Bose’s approach to Indian freedom continues to generate heated debate in the Indian society today, there is no denying of his burning patriotism, his tireless efforts to free India from inside and outside and his reckless adventures in trying to reach his goals. His exploits later became a legend due to the many stories carried by the disbanded INA soldiers who came from every nook and corner of our great country. Had he lived, Subhas Chandra Bose could have given a new turn to Independent India’s political history. But he lives on eternally in the Indian mind, more famous after his death.

Core Values

Marco Aurelien Period 1st Mr. Hill British Lit Beowolf: To leave or not to leave In many ways the ancient Greek and Roman of Beowulf times are intertwined with the modern lives that all of us lead today. These antiquities affect us beyond the obvious government, theatrical, and social practices. The core values of this era mirror and shape our modern core values and morals of today. Pietas – loyalty, gravitas – seriousness, and dignitas – respect are all things that were seen as important at this time period just as they are seen as important in todays world.It is easy to talk about the obvious positive traits that characters have shown in the epic novels or poems we have read but it is more interesting to look at the shadows on grey in a person to show the realism within. The more difficult way of comparing these different eras is to look at the morals and core values that the citizens lived by. Pietas, gravitas, and dignitas, are three general core values that every one in society must show and live by on a daily basis. In Beowulf, he had the task to going up against what seemed to be an undefeatable and despised monster that could ultimately lead to his demise.Most would say that Beowulf should a large amount of bravery and Gravitas to go and venture to Denmark to defeat Grendel. Another vantage point is that in actuality Beowulf lacked Pietas to his nation in leaving to fight a battle that was not his own. Though his father had left him in debt of a favor to King Hrothgar, it was his own choice to follow in his father’s footsteps as a warrior. Beowulf was an exemplary example of Dignitas in all aspect of his life, as a role model and giving and commanding respect from everyone. These core values still surround us in modern times everyday and are necessary in order to succeed in life.A student must exhibit all of these things if they are attempting to become a well-rounded scalar and human being. If everyone demonstrates pietas, o r loyalty, towards his or her community and school they will have a strong support system around them allowing them to reach their true potential. Students should have a certain level of gravitas, or seriousness, in order to create a safe and effective learning environment for not only his or herself but for everyone around them. While it is important for students to have pietas and gravitas is even more important that that student had dignitas, or respect, for others and for themselves.Everyone may believe that Beowulf exhibited the core values at all times but it can be proven that he did not. These ancient values are as relevant as possible in the modern day world. We may have been able to do without theater or even a democratic political system but if people began living without pietas, dignitas, and gravitas society would fall apart. The modern citizen must exhibit all of these core values if they expect to be successful and if they do they are eventually going to do well in li fe. Core Values Marco Aurelien Period 1st Mr. Hill British Lit Beowolf: To leave or not to leave In many ways the ancient Greek and Roman of Beowulf times are intertwined with the modern lives that all of us lead today. These antiquities affect us beyond the obvious government, theatrical, and social practices. The core values of this era mirror and shape our modern core values and morals of today. Pietas – loyalty, gravitas – seriousness, and dignitas – respect are all things that were seen as important at this time period just as they are seen as important in todays world.It is easy to talk about the obvious positive traits that characters have shown in the epic novels or poems we have read but it is more interesting to look at the shadows on grey in a person to show the realism within. The more difficult way of comparing these different eras is to look at the morals and core values that the citizens lived by. Pietas, gravitas, and dignitas, are three general core values that every one in society must show and live by on a daily basis. In Beowulf, he had the task to going up against what seemed to be an undefeatable and despised monster that could ultimately lead to his demise.Most would say that Beowulf should a large amount of bravery and Gravitas to go and venture to Denmark to defeat Grendel. Another vantage point is that in actuality Beowulf lacked Pietas to his nation in leaving to fight a battle that was not his own. Though his father had left him in debt of a favor to King Hrothgar, it was his own choice to follow in his father’s footsteps as a warrior. Beowulf was an exemplary example of Dignitas in all aspect of his life, as a role model and giving and commanding respect from everyone. These core values still surround us in modern times everyday and are necessary in order to succeed in life.A student must exhibit all of these things if they are attempting to become a well-rounded scalar and human being. If everyone demonstrates pietas, o r loyalty, towards his or her community and school they will have a strong support system around them allowing them to reach their true potential. Students should have a certain level of gravitas, or seriousness, in order to create a safe and effective learning environment for not only his or herself but for everyone around them. While it is important for students to have pietas and gravitas is even more important that that student had dignitas, or respect, for others and for themselves.Everyone may believe that Beowulf exhibited the core values at all times but it can be proven that he did not. These ancient values are as relevant as possible in the modern day world. We may have been able to do without theater or even a democratic political system but if people began living without pietas, dignitas, and gravitas society would fall apart. The modern citizen must exhibit all of these core values if they expect to be successful and if they do they are eventually going to do well in li fe.

American history since 1876

Wars often have a significant impact upon the domestic development of a nation. Every nation at one point or the other has experienced a war of some sort and this has gone a long way in shaping economic, political and social lives of citizens. United States in particular had a fair share of wars especially looking back at the last two or so decades. The World War and the Cold War were very instrumental in shaping what the United States of America is today. This discussion looks at how these two wars brought about changes in the political, social and economic arenas (Martin, G.S. 2004). The Second World War commonly referred to as World War 2 was conflict in the military that was felt throughout the world by all nations. The Cold War on the other hand was subsequent to the Second World War and it was a conflict between the western region of the world led by U. S and the Soviet Union. The effects of the world war were evident in many countries and United States was no exception. The ef fects were both negative and positive. They were negative in the sense there was a lot of destruction of property and many lives were lost.However there are also many positive effects in that many developments were achieved. The first notable development was in the area of technology. It is during the world war that the forerunner was developed which would later bring about the development of television. This paved way for the growth of the economy of what was later to become the world’s superpower. It was not all about growth. As already mentioned the Second World War also had far reaching negative effects.One of the greatest economic devastations that have always been associated with the Second World War was the Great Depression where banks closed unemployment soared as factories closed down, people starved, there were long queues for bread and the rural folks lost their mortgages. It was due to deteriorated housing conditions, unbearable working conditions and unavailabili ty of essential commodities that is said to have brought the economic growth down. The government’s ability to control the economy through control over spending and consumption emerged during the great depression.It is thus believed that the Great Depression did contribute indirectly to the growth of the economy of the U. S. It is also clear that the Cold War left the U. S as the only super power with Russia having collapsed (Martin, G. S. 2004). The World War 2 and the Cold did also have effects on the social and cultural life of the Americans. It was evident that after such a long period of war American citizens were finding it hard to adjust to the ordinary life. It took them a couple of years before they could adjust but finally they were able to.However from research conducted there are clear indications that the general living standards of American citizens improved. In conclusion it is clear that the Second World War and the Cold war did have a great impact in the inte rnational community and United States in particular. The effects were both positive and negative. However in most cases the positive effects are more visible as America emerged as the world’s super power due to these wars. Words: 555 Reference: Martin, G. S. (2004). The Second World War: A Complete History, New York: SAGE.

Politics of Global South Essay

Africa continent is currently facing huge transitional moments. The colonization process never stopped after the imperial western governments that ravaged these continent, African countries are still struggling with the adoption of the western systems and ideologies of governance and politics away from their traditional forms of socio-political ands socio-economic lives. This shift has caused wars, tensions, drifts, disagreements, alienations, political instability among other untold disasters in the continent. ( David Seddon & Leo Zeiling), in his report on the protests in Africa between the working class struggle and popular protests over the last forty years argue that the form and content of class relations that developed in the period of nationalist struggle and early national development have been fundamentally restructured by the process of globalization. The nationalist struggle was fighting for freedom dictatorial forms of government. The late 1979’s saw greater wave of wide s[read popular protests and resistance around the world including Africa. These strikes, marches, demonstrations and riots were characteristic of a wave of protests and resistance which usually involved a variety of social groups and classes. This did not always take place under a working class or trade unions banner or working class leadership such as experienced in Kenya in the early 90s while fighting for the multi-party system of governance. According to ( David Seddon & Leo Zeiling) these protests were of greater political scheming and direction and were increasingly aimed at governments and regimes and economic policies. Governments’ failure to ensure communities welfare and safeguard material welfare and rights of the citizens led to growing demands for democracy and political change. This movement coincided with increasing deployment by major capitalist states and international agencies of a discourse of democratization and good governance as necessary for economic and social development. However, this intervention opened door for the neo colonial imperialism after promising the removal of regimes that accommodated dictators and autocrats. It was like jumping from a flying pan to boiling pot. This new order became pronounced in the 1990s and grew through the decade and was manifest in Africa, Asia and Latin America. This provoked a third wave of protest involving greater degree of international organization while at the same time social movement with a notable ‘anti-capitalist’ politics emerged from north America countries spreading even to Africa. This period also saw the birth of an oppositional movement of a deeper and more threatening kind with the foundation of deep rooted pursuit and anger, frustrations, prepared to use violence to achieve its objectives. These groups are parts of radical Muslims like the al-Qai’da. The relationship between the social forces representing the interest of capital and those that opposed the actual pattern of development in Africa was not given much attention in the debates that touched on the transformation of Africa. Global adjustment shifted the focus of African nations from concentrating on development to reform agendas that facilitated the foreign capital investment and easier access for these international agencies to acquire raw materials and markets. This was done at the collaboration of some politicians but also there were cases of forced collaboration. This is evident in Zimbabwe where international aid and trade barriers had been imposed because the president/ government refusal to cooperate with the western interests. This was aided further by the weak social structures which were affected by conflicts, wars and complex political emergencies, HIV/AIDS and misguided intervention of the non governmental organizations (NGO’S). The popular forces include the urban and rural working classes who are stripped of the control and ownership of means of production, peasant and tenant farmers, retailers and petty commodity producers who sell their labor in the informal or formal sector. Their preoccupation is survival and putting food on the table. These share a consciousness of their interdependency and common vulnerability and constitute the relative surplus population looked upon as a reserve of an army of labor. The diversity of classes has never been the cause of political decay but is a mark of the normal condition in the context in which capitalism evolves. The cynism expressed by post-modernists towards political change goes to political activism and liberation. The post-modernist conception power no longer denotes coercion and oppression, resistance and struggle but it also becomes a fluid, pervasive yet contingent force derived from the interplay of different discourses. For example Cameroon had a comprehensible political economy but still had chaotic plurality where no purposeful liberation and resistance. ]as the waves and protests ravaged Africa , popular classes especially in urban areas were severely affected by the adjustments but they did not suffer quietly but they struggled, resisted and protested. The World Bank at the time said that Africa did not need less government only but also a government that concentrates its efforts less on the direct interventions and more on enabling others to be productive. The role of NGO’s in governance and poverty alleviation has been identified as critical in building of Africa, meeting the millennium development goals and the sustainable development goals. However, these non state actors backed by the United Nations and other powerful development partners; the relationship between the developing countries and the western was coined to mean partners in development. These NGOs and other right groups check on the governments’ accountability although their role has been questioned. They represent the values and interest of the funding agencies and do not touch on the real issues that ravage the common people in Africa. Despite increased role of NGOs, there is an increase rate of poverty and no tangible development that has occurred inmost parts of Africa. The involvement of civil societies most of which borrow their values from neo-liberalization movements may have contributed more to the wave of violence experienced in the continent rather than calming such waves. References David Seddon & Leo Zeiling. â€Å"Class & Protest in Africa: New Waves. † Review of African Political Economy. 2005.

Online Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Online Marketing - Essay Example IKEA is one such business, which has significant online presence. Founded in the year 1943 this company has grown into a world famous consumer and household goods designer and seller company. It sells its products through their retail outlets in more than 35 countries, including United Kingdom. Apart from this physical presence in UK, it has an online presence in the form UK specific website. http://www.ikea.com/gb/en is the United Kingdom segment of the Sweden based website which offers a wide range of home furnishing products for its customers. Its product range covers all the parts or sections of a house from bedroom to bathroom. United Kingdom’s IKEA website maintains separate pages for each section. The links to each section is placed horizontally on the top, which includes the living room, section, bedroom section, kitchen section as well as bathroom section. Clicking each section, will take one to a separate page (opens in the same window), which features IKEA’s specific category products. Apart from these common sections, keeping in line with Christmas season, a link called Christmas is also added. In addition, there is separate section for Child based products and textile products. Target Users: In the case of IKEA, the target users are UK based mainstream consumers, who want to purchase products from their homes. IKEA in its homepage or main webpage has separate links to each country, so when users from UK visits IKEA’s homepage, they will normally click the link to the â€Å"IKEA United Kingdom†. So, this arrangement will give sufficient idea that the target users of IKEA will be mainly UK based people or consumers, who wanted to buy or even research about various household items. Navigation: In IKEA, the navigation is very smooth, with all the links about the various products provided on the left side. Therefore, this makes the navigation ‘intuitive’ to guide the user of its function in determining to which page

Jewish Immigration History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Jewish Immigration History - Essay Example This necessitated their migration to seek a better start, in America, which was regarded as land that valued freedom and equality. They also migrated to take tap into the opportunities that abounded in the American community. This era of migration had significant implication in global history. Place of origin The group to be analyzed is the Jewish immigrants that settled in America according to historical records. Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe origin are traced from Russia and Eastern Europe. The period is traced in the early 1880 and 1924 and is one of the utmost immigration to occur in American Jewish history. The main reason for the Jews immigration from the initial region was because of economic and anti-Semitism, which they believed was sufficient in America. The main place of origin was from Eastern Europe and statistics show that five out of six of Americans Jewish are from that place (Daniels, 223). They are believed to have settled in the heavy industrial areas that were characterized by extensive commercial and cultural centers. The town they settled are as follows; ‘New York’, ‘Philadelphia’, ‘Boston’ and ‘Baltimore’. The worked exceptionally hard to stabilize their economy and managed to live affluent lives, which they believe is part of their life. ...hard in industries such as garment industries, petty trade, and cigar manufactures, constructions and food production, which enable Jewish immigrants, to raise their children and stabilize their economy. Those from Europe were from Spain and areas bordering Mediterranean, Germany and some portions of Poland. The core rationale for migrating from their indigenous areas was because of harassment and discrimination. They were mistreated and strained to labor without substantial wages (Daniels, 225). Religion The Jewish religious’ aspect was characterized by strict submission to the strategy and rules that guide the lives of the people. Th e group consisted of religious streams such as orthodox, reformist, and conservative.

Monetary Unification in Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Monetary Unification in Europe - Essay Example Critics were so skeptical on the Europe’s idea of monetary unification claiming that Europe was not close to optimal monetary union. This idea was just a mere political project, which did not give into account economic fundamentals and was doomed to fail the single currency, and Europe’s failure to see monetary unification as an evolutionary process. Over the past few years, the Euro has tremendously challenged the US dollar, which is globally reserved currency, and within a very short period, it has transformed economic and political landscape in Europe. Monetary experiments has never been such an exciting history as there have been no any sovereign state surrendered its currency to a common central bank currency restraining from monetary sovereignty (Charles, 2010:176). Although the need to unify European currency started a long time ago, we begin to review its recent attempts to attain that goal. Prelaunch, which took place in late 1989, witnessed France extract German commitment to monetary union in favor of German reunification. The same year, Jacques Delor, filed a report introducing European Monetary unification in three stages. It comprised of creation of institutions like European System of Central Banks charged with the responsibility to formulate and implement monetary policies. The phases between 1989 and 2002 gave a name to the common currency that was to unify the European states â€Å"euro†, which replaced the old currency unit, the ecu. The institution laid down steps to accomplish monetary unification first of which was abolishing exchange controls that saw capital completely liberalized in European Economic Community on July 1, 1990. On 7 February 1992, leaders from different European countries signed the Maastricht Treaty with the aim of creating a single common currency but without United Kingdom participating by January 1999. Having the treaty approved proved a challenge since countries such as Germany, France, and Denmark were reluctant (Evgeny, 159). Another attempt derived from Stage II of Delor’s report that led to the creation of European Monetary Institute in 1994 that replaced European Monetary Cooperation Fund with Alexander Lamfalussy as the first president. After sometime, there rose a pool of disagreements that led to adoption of euro as new currency on December 1995 doing away with the name ecu previously used as the accounting currency. Theo Wagel suggested the name. He was by then the German’s finance minister. Date 1 January 1999 was set for the launch of the currency name. With the launch of euro in the European Union, credit institutions were able to process real-time payments. This supposedly helped in serving monetary policy needs of Euro system as well as harmonizing business practices in the EU and promoting money market integration(Gertrude and Peter, 2003:13). Owing to the total number of states, the Euro bloc designed and produced new 7.4 billion notes and 38.2 billion coins for issuance to consumers and business operators on 1 January 2002. This attempt displayed some obsolete results with tasks set to educate European people on the new currency and finally on 15 December 2001 banks commenced exchanging euro starter kits. As a matter of encouraging continuous effectiveness and integration of European currency, banks all over Euro zone, offered same high quality services, interfaces, and single price structure irrespective of their location. Such policies facilitated unification of currency across Europe as banks and other financial institutions operate under similar conditions. In the wake of

The Importance of Understanding Price Elasticity Essay - 1

The Importance of Understanding Price Elasticity - Essay Example This elasticity is used to measure how responsive the quantity demanded is or how willing the consumers are to buy the firm’s product if there is a given change in price. Inelastic products, meaning products whose quantity demanded would not be significantly affected by a change in price, include cigarettes and food items. Whereas elastic products, meaning products whose quantity demanded would be significantly affected by a change in its price, include iPod, MP3, television and other such consumer items considered a luxury or a want. Firms can use information about their product’s elasticity of demand to determine their price structure and their competition policy in the market. This information is extremely valuable for the firm’s marketing department as it allows them to determine if the people will continue buying their product if the price is increased or will there be a dramatic decline in the sales. For example if the demand is inelastic for a cigarette company then its marketing department will know that there won’t be a significant decrease in the quantity demanded by the customers to an increase in price. Hence they can afford to charge a higher price without losing too many customers. One thing that needs to be noted here is that when the price of a product is relatively inelastic, a firm’s revenue would rise because of the fact that an increase in price which not reduce quantity demanded significantly thus their revenues would rise. On the other hand, had the demand for tha t product been elastic, they would be losing revenue because quantity demanded would fall. Here, cigarettes are considered to be a relatively inelastic, hence the marketing and the finance department would be aware of the fact that they can increase potential revenue by an increase in the level of prices depending on the degree of elasticity. If the value of elasticity is closer to zero, then they can increase the

Dynamics involved in gay and lesbian intimate partner abuse Essay

Dynamics involved in gay and lesbian intimate partner abuse - Essay Example The literature points out that the frequency of domestic violence in same-sex relationships has been equal to that in heterosexual relationships a hypothesis that stands a chance of being proven right or wrong. Domestic violence in same-sex relationships is in relation to same-gender relationships. Historically, the failure to evaluate the violence involved within same-sex relationships has been due to social stigma, discrimination, homophobia and gender based myths among other issues (Lundry and Leventhal, 1999). These issues provided a barrier which stops such incidences from being reported. It is so unfortunate how partners in these relationships have been suffering in silence due to the society’s ignorance. There are quite a number of issues which influence the response to domestic violence within a same sex relationship. These issues act as barriers in the way of reporting such incidences to the relevant authority such as the police. The first issue is the wall of silence. A common observation is that silence surrounds issues of domestic violence. People prefer to ignore rather than talk about the incidences. Bigne and Wetchler (2004) reveal that the incidences of domestic violence have for a long time been treated as a taboo among the lesbians and gays. This can be attributed to the denial of the problem such that victims resort to keeping quite. This is clearly the most effective way of promoting violence in the respective same-sex relationships. It is important to note two factors which contribute to the state of silence. Moriarty (2008) reveals that the privacy within such intimate relationships is one factor. This common realm of intimate relationships shuns external interference such that partners do not entertain intruders. The fact that these relationships are based on pillars of privacy, state regulation is quite difficult. Various governments find it difficult to get involved in to private businesses of its

NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF HURRICANE KATRINA ON THE GULF REGION Essay

NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF HURRICANE KATRINA ON THE GULF REGION - Essay Example Moreover, while giving examples about the hurricanes that hit before the hurricane Katrina, it presents a comparative analysis of how the hurricane Katrina was different from those that happened earlier and why was it a major setback for the Homeland Security Departments of America. Furthermore, the book also describes the major factors and problems of the hurricane and why is it marked as an important event in the history of America. Also, this book gives details about how the government tried to help people recover all that they lost in this catastrophe, and what kind of role did the government play in helping them economically and psychologically (Hoffman, 2007, pp 25-89). Palser, B. (2007). Hurricane Katrina: Aftermath of Disaster. Compass Point Books. This is a comprehensive book, with easy to understand vocabulary and language. The book provides with the details of the hurricane Katrina that hit the Florida, rapidly moving towards the Gulf of Mexico, causing hundreds of deaths and heaving thousands homeless. Also, it states how the government failed to provide enough backup fur the people of America, as it was one of the most accurately predicted hurricanes in the history of America. ... Brinkley, D. (2007). The Great Deluge: Hurricane, New Orleans, and the Mississippi Gulf Coast. HarperCollins. This book written by the bestseller author, Douglas Brinkley (2007) epically describes the events that caused major devastation in the United States of America; the hurricane Katrina. The hurricane Katrina that demolished ‘Gulf Coast cities of America’ (Brinkley, 2007) and took away hundreds of lives within just five hours was one of the five most catastrophic hurricanes in the history of United States. This book highlights all the events preceding the hurricane Katrina, including the mismanagement of the government officials and the lack of preplanning in spite of the early prediction. Moreover, this book also records the stories of actual survivors who witnessed and experienced the hurricane, it narrates all the troubles that they went through and how the hurricane affected their lives. It states the emotional, physical and economic losses of the survivors and describes how they are coping up with their lives in the current time; years after the disaster took place. Moreover, it also identifies the role played the government to help the survivors. Plus it also plays a tribute to the unsung heroes of the hurricane Katrina, who sacrificed their own lives to save others (Brinkley, 2007). Brown, D. (2005). Hurricane Katrina: The first seven days of America’s worst natural disasters. Lulu.com Press. This book was written with the intentions of donating funds for charity purposes. The book narrates the whole event of hurricane Katrina that destroyed lives in America within just hours. It states how dramatically the lives of the victims changed

Academic Report on video game addiction social responsibility Essay

Academic Report on video game addiction social responsibility - Essay Example The authors also believe that the companies which produce the games should be somewhat responsible for their consumers. This particular article would be helpful in establishing distinct ways that society can be more responsible when it comes to this issue as the article presents several specific examples for this. In addition, the article does a good job of presenting an overview of the problem which would be helpful in establishing the background for the paper. Mehroof, Mehwash, and Mark D. Griffiths. "Online Gaming Addiction: The Role of Sensation Seeking, Self-Control, Neuroticism, Aggression, State Anxiety, and Trait Anxiety." CyberPsychology, Behavior & Social Networking 13.3 (2010): 313-316. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 26 Oct. 2011. This article provides a study that details some of the consequences in terms of a person’s mental well-being when they have become addicted to video games. For instance, the research illustrates that those who are addicted to video games display an overall increase in aggression, violent behavior, anxiety, and neuroticism. The study found that these behaviors or personality traits were very prevalent in those who were addicted to online gaming. The article would be helpful for a research paper on the topic of video game addiction and social responsibility in that it provides evidence as to how video or online gaming impacts a person negatively. This impact can be pointed to in order to prove that society should be held to a higher standard in terms of how it deals with this type of