Stem Cells for Cell Replacement Therapy in Parkinsons

Stem kiosks for kiosk Replacement Therapy in ParkinsonsStem Cells for Cell Replacement TherapySaid AL HakmaniIntroductionParkinsons infirmity is a movement disorder that results from damage to the nerve booths in the mavin that produce the chemical substance named dopamine. The dopamine sends signals to parts of the brilliance that controls movement, allowing movement of smooth muscles. In Parkinsons disease there is loss of the dopamine neurons. Symptoms of the disease hold insane movement and tremor when a signifi piece of tailt substance of dopamine has been lost. It is serene not kn birth exactly what ca applys Parkinsons disease and the detailed pathophysiology is an firmament of active query (1, 13).Parkinsons disease is of progressive nature, which implies that it deteriorates with time. But this happens gradually everywhere numerous years. On the other hand, exploreers argon doing a great set of exploration to better comprehend what is occurring in the b oothular phone. Some studies show that Parkinson disease is associated with an abnormal gene in some individuals, however so out-of-the-way(prenominal) there is insufficient certainty to demonstrate that its genetically acquire (1). Braaks hypothesis recommends that Parkinsons disease starts in the digestive tract and in the brains centre of smell. The hypothesis is upheld by the way that side do connected with digestion and smell happen at an early stage of the disease. professor Jia- Yi Lis investigate team has now possessed the capacity to tack this methodology further, from the gut to the brain in rat models. The experiment demonstrates how the poisonous protein alpha-synuclein is exchange starting with one kiosk, then onto the next before arriving at the brains movement center, leading to the characteristic movement impairment seen in Parkinsons disease. He proves that disease carry through really female genitalia go from the off-base nervous sy base of operations to the primaeval nervous sy cannon, in this situation from the breakwater of the gut to the brain (3, 23).Usually people start to have symptoms of Parkinsons disease between the ages of 50 and 60 years. But in real cases it starts earlier.The first presenting symptom of Parkinsons disease is tremor (shaking or trembling). It light upon the hands, encircles, or legs. It is one of the most common signs, only when not everyone has it. Also, not everybody with a tremor has Parkinsons disease. The tremor often starts only on one side of the body or average one arm or leg. In addition, Parkinsons disease can cause uncompromising muscles all through the body, so it causes troubles like inconvenience gulping or constipation. In the later phases of Parkinsons disease a person may have fixed mirror image, trouble talking and other problems. Some individuals lag mental skills (1, 22).Figure 1 shows the nerve cells in the brain (1)The occasion of base cellStem cells have the potenti al to develop into variant cell sorts in the body during life and schedule offset. In m whatsoever a(prenominal) opposite tissues they serve as a sort of ingrained location formation, dividing without limit to replace other cells as long as the tool or person is alive. At the point, when a block cell divides, every modern cell has the capacity either to remain a stem cell or get to be an alternate kind of cell with a more special function, for example, a red blood cell, a muscle cell, or a brain cell and other cells (5).The stem cells are featured from other cell types by both inborn characteristics. First, they are capable of re forward-lookinging themselves through cell division, frequently after(prenominal) long periods of inactivity. Second, under some physiologic or trail conditions, stem cell can become tissue- or organ- point cells with special functions. In point organs, for example, the gut and bone marrow, they consistently separation to repair and supplant tire out or harmed tissues. Moreover, in diverse organs, for example, the heart and the pancreas, stem cell just partition under exceptional conditions (5, 20).Researchers fundamentally worked with two sorts of undeveloped cells from animals and gentlemans gentleman embryologic stem cells and non-embryotic stem cells.Researchers in 1981 put in approaches to get embryologic stem cells from early reverse embryos. In 1998 the definite investigation of the science of mouse uniform cells prompted the revelation of tender-hearted stem cells. However, these cells are called gentleman embryonic stem cells. The embryos utilized in these studies were the result of invitro fertilization strategies for generative purposes. When they were no more required for that reason, they were donated for research with the in create consent of the conferrer (5, 21). Scientists made an alternate achievement by distinguishing conditions that would permit some particular bighearted cells to be repr ogrammed to accept stem cell-like state in 2006. This new sort of stem cell, called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) (5).These IPS cells may be used in the future to delineate the patients own cells, a safe cell source that is scanty from other federal agent which affects the patient. Animal studies in rat and mouse have been carried out to try the possibility of replacing the lost neurons and results have shown that these cells can develop into dopamine neurons. In human studies, it is possible to measure the increase of dopamine neuron function in the striatum of the patient by using positron emission tomography (5).The Stem cells are essential for living organisms for contrary reasons. In the three to five days old embryos, called a blastocyst, the internal cells give rise to the entire body of the organism, including all of the galore(postnominal) specific cell sorts and organs for example, the lungs, heart, skin and other tissues. In certain adult tissues, such as b one marrow, brain, and muscle, the adult stem cells create replacements for cells that are lost through ordinary injury, or disease. The stem cells benefit new potentials for treating diseases such as heart disease and Parkinson disease. However, much work stiff to be carried out in the research facility to understand how to use these cell therapies to treat disease (5).Research on stem cells continues to advance almost how can an organism develops from a single cell and how can brawny cells replace damaged cells in adult organisms. The stem cell research is one of the fascinating areas in contemporary biology (5).Many researchers believe that embryonic stem cell could be an excellent source of dopamine neurons because they can start out in a culture dish and make into any type of cell after long time in culture. Now, the dopamine neurons have been generated from the humanity embryonic stem cell. One research contemplate used the special type of companion cell with specific pay backth factors to promote the differentiation of the embryonic stem cell through some(prenominal) stages into dopamine producing cell (5).Growth of the Human Embryonic Stem CellTo grow the human embryonic stem cell, the cells will grow in the culture dish and will spread and divide on the bug out of the media. The culture dish contains the mouse feeder cell which provides the nutrients into the culture media to grow the cell. However, researchers now devised a method to grow the embryonic stem cells without mouse feeder cells to avoid the risk of transfer of viruses from the media to the human (5,6 ,18).The tests used to send embryonic stem cells in the laboratory are lacking. But, the laboratories that grow the human embryonic stem cells use different types of test such asGrowing and subculture of the stem cell for many months to make sure of the health of the cell.The use of techniques to determine the presence of transcription factors that are produced by undifferentiated cells. There are two important transcription factors Nanog and Oct-4. Both factors service the genes to turn on and off to maintain stem cell undifferentiation and self-renewal (5, 24). rebirth of human ES and iPS cellsOne study of culture of stem cell found that the effectiveness of PSCs mouse derived DA neurons have shown efficacy in the models of Parkinson Disease. The developing midbrain is characterized by expression of the floor plate (FP) scrape FOXA2 and the ceiling plate marker LMX1A. Canonical WNT signalling is critical for twain roof plate function and midbrain DA neuron development. WNT activation make a motion LMX1A expression and a neurogenic change of PSCs derived midbrain FP towards DA neuron fate. Exposure to CHIR potent GSK3B inhibitor known to strong activate WNT signalling induce LMX1A in FOXA2 and FP precursors. CHIR is more potent than recombinant WNT3A or WNT at inciting LMX1A expression. The efficiency of LMX1A induction depends on the time of CHIR expo sure it effect from 3-11 days. Thus, CHIR is the most critical factor for induce coexpression of FOXA2/LMX1A. FOXA2/LMX1A coexpression require strong expression of SHH signalling using purmorphamine small molecule agonist. intervention with SHH agonist and FGF8 in the absence of CHIR show significant lower expression of FOXA2 by day11 and complete absence of LMX1A expression. An expression of, NGN2, LMX1A and DDC showed establishment of midbrain neuron precursor fate already by day11. Both midbrain FP and DA neuron induction ready to reproduce in independent ES cell and human induced PSCs line. In culture TH unequivocal cells showed coexpression with NURR1 only in FP derived DA neurons coexpressed FXOA2 and LMX1A. Few GABA and serotonin can observe. But, DA level present in culture about octad times higher in FP (9, 12, 15, 19).There are some(prenominal) lines of evidence to demonstrate a crucial role for SMAD signalling during neural induction. Studies in salientian identifie d bone morphogenic protein (BMP) inhibitors, including, follistatin, chordin and noggin as the basic neural touch factors in the Spemann organizer (10).The drug SB431542 was demonstrated to improve neural command prompt in an embryoid body-based hES cell neural induction protocol. SB431542 inhibits the Lefty/Activin/TGF pathways by closure phosphorylation of the ALK5, ALK4, and ALK7 receptors. In addition, garret or SB431542 treatment improves the neural induction and end the SMAD signalling to achieve full neural conversion. The hES cells were exposed for 72 hours to the drug SB431542 or Noggin and observed the growth factor of neural induction was monitored by expression of PAX6 earliest marker of neuroectodermal differentiation. The combined treatment with both Noggin and SB431542 increased the efficiency of neural induction to more than eighty pct of total cells , compared with less than ten percent PAX6 cells when used Noggin or SB431542 alone(10, 17).However, the only PAX 6a converts the human embryonic stem cell to neuroectoderm (11, 16).Figure 2 show the model of proposed mechanisms contribute the action of Noggin and SB431542 (10).From the diagram preceding(prenominal) at the higher density, essentially CNS cells that are PAX6 are formed which are equipped of giving rise to R-NS cells and example capable neuronic populations of motoneurons and dopaminergic neurons inside 19 days of differentiation. While at lower densities both CNS fates and neural crest fates are observed. The neural crest lineages include melanocytes and the neural crest precursor cells amenable to designing and subtype determination reactions (10, 18).In this figure3 shows one research on mice how the people try to make new dopamine. Isolated ventralmidbrain cells were expanded and patterned in vitro before to transfection to overexpress WNTs. The cell phenotype was examined following(a) in the vitro differentiation or transplantation into Parkinsonian mice. Morphogens SHH a nd FGF8 significant increase the similarity of TH positive spheres out of total spheres compared with FGF2 treatment alone (13).dopamineDopamine is a chemical signal that transfers information from one neuron and the next neuron. The receptors found on the cell surface bumps the signals down to the receiving neurons. The dopamine interested in many different important pathways and it found in the beginning in the mesolimbic pathways which starts with cells in the ventral tegmental area in the midbrain (2).Dopamine plays a number of roles in human and other animals. It controls many functions such as movement, memory, pleasurable reward, attention, sleep, learning, mood, inhibition of prolactin production, and behaviour. The increase and deficiency of this dopamine chemical are the cause of several diseases like Parkinson disease. In the brain, part called the base ganglia controls movement. Basal ganglia thus rely on upon a certain amount of dopamine to function. The action of th is occurs by dopamine receptors D 1-5. The deficiency in dopamine in the brain may become delayed and unorganised the movement and other function of the body (3).The dopamine is an important neurotransmitter in the brain. Substantial part of the overall dopamine in the body is produced removed the brain by mesenteric organs. The production of dopamine within the central nervous transcription, depend on the dopamine biosynthesis. There are two steps of dopamine biosynthesis takes place in the cytosol of CAergic neurons and starts with hydroxylase of L-tyrosine at the hydroxybenzene ring by tyrosine hydroxylase to produce DOPA(4, 14).Figure4 shows the neuronal dopamine metabolism(4).This figure5 show how work at of the fibroblasts are taken to culture to induce neural stem cells to make dopamine neurons and transfer to the patient to functional recovery (25).Good Manufacturing make outThere are many challenges to the use of stem cells for replacement therapy. However, the dear manufacturing practice (GMP) is a quality assurance system that is used to make sure the product of stem cells is good and safe to use for treatment. The GMP in human embryonic stem cell culture required several components for good clinical practice. First, the culture or the feeder media that use in the laboratory must be reached with standard of GMP. That is why so many are now trying to grow these cells in feeder free conditions. Finally, all components of the culture and cryopreservation media should be validated for use in the GMP system and be non animal derived products (7).The ethical issue surrounding the use of embryonic cell need be carefully controlled. In UK human embryonic stem cell can gathered from left over embryos produced as part of in vitro fertilisation. This can done under strict UK guidelines from Human Fertilisation Embryology Authority (HFEA) and the human tissue authority (HTA) only in the early stage embryos can be used in research up to a maximum of fourt een days of development(8).ConclusionIn my conclusion, the development of the research in the recent year will found the treatment of some diseases that affect the human in the neuron system like Parkinsons disease. In addition, the study of stem cell research may treat disease by transplanted the cell to the body of the human, but the risk factor that makes this study difficult is the potential of the stem cell growth. The study of stem cell factor may solve the problem of cell growth. Also, the feeder that use to make culture is important to grow the cell without any contamination.There are many factors that help the stem cell to grow in the culture dish. These factors make stem cell to grow fast and convert to the different type of tissue organs. Also, there are some inhibitors that inhibited the factors when stem cells are converted to the different sorts.The research on the stem cell still under the process of trail. It is flourishing to treat some disease, but in other diseas e is still trying in animal model if its successful may try with human, those have Parkinsons disease.

Mcdonalds Have Used Effective Global Expansion Strategies Commerce Essay

Mcdonalds Have Used Effective Global expansion Strategies Commerce EssayThe McDonalds is one of the just slightly thriving ball-shaped eatery chain around the world. McDonalds collect used effective global expansion strategies to enter tonic trades and gain a sh argon of the foreign nimble nutriment mart. This communicate presents McDonalds best practices in the global food manufacture, world(prenominal) provoketh trends and ch completelyenges. It bequeath similarly look at the McDonalds Corporation in relation to its major competitors and analyze how the company has responded to its surrounding environment. In closing, report result look at the prospects for McDonalds future and it give be gull that McDonalds volition be fitting to chief(prenominal)tain its dominant market position. It will elapse to be a model that serves as a bench mark for just about others in the persistence. Over any, the report renders an overlook of how McDonalds creates both gu est and brand loyalty for their intersections and inspection and repairs. This report focuses on McDonalds multi national success, challenges and strategies.Index1 Introduction -051.1. ambit of the report061.2. Aims and Objectives-061.3. Methodology062. Literature review and Analysis092.1. Environmental ciphers impactioning upon McDonalds092.2. Strategic analysis of McDonalds163. Conclusion -214. Recommendations225. advert231. IntroductionIn the world of globalisation the fast food business is the about dynamic and growth orientated business. And without any mistrust McDonald is the leader of all. McDonalds Strategy is continued growth, providing exceptional guest cargon, remaining an economical step producer, offering high value effectively marketing. Now McDonalds is a global scale brand. Since the start of the company in 1973, McDonalds Corporation began facing pages house servantally byout the unify States thus plungeing its brand recognition. Its sign sche me began by advertising directly to the middle and upper class citizens, as feces be seen in countries such as India and China. However, with its legion(predicate) spate shrouds on several of its food items, McDonalds began to furnish to several people belong to the depress class. The delineate strategic elements that make McDonalds so successful is adding 700-900 restaurants annually, increment unfermented menu items, pitiful price specials, extra value meals to make headway frequent guest visits, being highly s eliteive in granting franchises, choosing sites accessible to customers, focusing on particular product line consistent persona ,c beful attention to store efficiency extensive advertising use of Mc prefix, hiring courteous personnel paying an equitable wage providing good training.Originated in Ray Krocs founding precepts of Quality, Service, Cleanliness Value, McDonalds falsifyment has everlastingly conceptualised in being a leader in issues that af fect their customers. This belief is evident in McDonalds c resortness in mixed community projects regarding education, health c ar, medical search, and rehabilitation facilities. These activities pecuniary aid the corporation to extend their visualise beyond fun and entertainment into affectionate responsibility.Back scope of the reportThe background of this report is to evaluate environmental factor and key drivers impacting McDonalds success and schema. The McDonalds restaurants argon operated by MacDonalds Corp, franchisees, or affiliates under critical point venture agreements. At March 31, 2005 there were 18,306 franchised restaurants (generating 60% of 2004 system abundant gross revenue), 8,091 company operated restaurants (27%) and 4,111 affiliated restaurants (13%). In addition to the McDonalds restaurants operating under the comparable brand name, which is one of the 10 most popular brand names in the world, McDonalds Corp operates other restaurant chains under its match Brands which include Boston Market and Chipotle Mexican grillroom. The restaurants operating under these brands are approximately 1,000 andrepresent 3.22% of the stores operated or franchised by the company.(www. Mcdonalds.com)Aim and purpose of the themeAim and purpose of the report is to evaluate and analyse the key drivers that impact MacDonald success and scheme, its swot analysis and examine current strategies.Methodology axenic question is concerned with the expansion, examination proof and mendment of the question methods and techniques and implements that from the personate of research methodology. Examples of clean research include just beginning a sampling method which can be applied to a circumstantial situation developing a methodology to access the forcefulness of the procedures. commonly research in the social sciences is applied. In other words the experiments, methods, and research tools which is called the research methodology. look for method ology is useful to collect the information in the different aspects of an issue, problems and situations.Research will carry out mainly, using the qualitative method of research methodology, as the nature of research is based on primary data which will be collected by doing in-person interview questionnaires.Quantitative vs. QualitativeQuantitative research is based on the measurement of the quantity. It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in circumstance of quantity.The importance of the primary narrative and theoretical conjectureFigure 3.1 ancestry Remenyi, D et al (1998), Doing Research in Business ManagementAn presentment to Process Method pp-125, by Sage Publication. match to Saunders (2000) the research philosophical system depends on the way we think about the victimisation of knowledge and this view affects the way we do search. Whilst undertaking the research, a clear understanding of research philosophy is essential since it helps the researcher to r efine and specify the research methods to be used in a study, that is, to clarify the overall research scheme to be used (Easterby-Smith et al., 1997)2. Literature review and AnalysisThis chapter will provide a detailed literature review. The literature review helped frame the initial focus of this study, as hearty as focus the data analysis Swanson Holton, (1997). Literature reviews help researchers limit the scope of their inquiry as salubrious as act as a benchmark for comparison purposes. accord to Creswell (2003) literature reviews provide a framework for establishing the importance of the study.According to Swanson and Holton (1997), Research is a process of a specific type of out be. Outcomes of research are unexampled knowledge, obtained by an influencely, investigative process. Typically the research process begins with attempting to function a problem, which is done by asking a question and identifying a solution or, in essence, drawing a conclusion.2.1 Environmen tal factors impacting upon McDonaldsMcDonalds is one of most thriving companies in the world today. With its rapid globalization, the pie-eyed has been able to puff and maintain numerable growth as well as chronic to explore with its growth potential in the coming years. From the creation of the companys organic evolution in the United States, to its spread in England, Australia and more(prenominal) than newly India and China, the firm has been able to provide a variety of beefburgers and other foods to its consumers. From the Big Mac, to the Maharaja, the companys concomitant strategies, specifically with heavy research and development mother allowed it to fulfill the tastes of locals in either country it operates. Its leaders in all of its major departments defy established prices worldwide in all types of currencies, making its foods affordable for customers of all classes. The companys challenges of providing healthier foods to its patrons demand contri scarcelyed to its financial success, thus enabling loyal consumers. In certain countries, such as India and China, eating at a McDonalds has conk out a luxury, primarily among the middle class, who feel a sense of authorization that they too can afford to eat at quality restaurants. However, as the company continues to settle into its new environments, it will slowly cater to the lower class, as can be seen in the United States. The strategies develop by its experts, thus allows for the company to increase in revenues, quality, and bring about consumer satisfaction.McDonalds uprise analysisStrengthsMacDonalds has a good global presence with its nearest domestic competitor being only half its size, McDonalds is the market leader in both the domestic and international markets. MacDonalds benefit from cost reduction through economies of scale because of its enormous size and its huge global presence allows it to commute risk involved with the economic performance of specific countries. In int ernational markets, MacDonalds is well placed to expand and take advantage of long-term economic growth.WeaknessesThe food exertion is really change. As a result of this, MacDonalds has to deal with the prospect of looming market saturation, which could make it difficult to add new outlets. The market is forecast to grow by around 2% per year.OpportunitiesMacDonalds sold its Donatos pizzeria back to its founder in 2003 and discontinuedBoston market trading operations outside of the US. The company will instead focus on ChipotleGrill which is the companys most successful non MacDonalds branded chain of restaurants. Also to increase positiveness the company has slowed its expansion ofMcDonalds restaurants so as to refurbish and change the image of current restaurants and adding new features such as Internet access.ThreatsMcDonalds is exposed to changes in the global economy. The companys aggressive international expansion has left it extremely insecure to other countries economi c slowdown. Foreign currency fluctuation is in any case a nonher(prenominal) problem global companies like McDonalds. The Fast food constancy is comme il faut an increasingly private-enterprise(a) sector. MacDonalds keeps up with competitors through expensive promotional campaigns which leads to limited margins to gain market share. McDonalds is attempting to differentiate itself, with new formats and new menu items, besides other fast food constancy are doing the same too.McDonalds trick out analysis shows us that even though there are legion(predicate) threats against the fast-food industry, McDonalds occupies a relatively strong position in the global marketplace. According to the five forces model, the strongest competitive force is between rival sellers in the industry. This wonk analysis shows the much strength that Mc Donalds employs to keep itself at the direct of the fast-food industry. Although there are various weaknesses, these can all be dour around following the McDonalds Plan to Win, which was implement with the hiring of Jim Cantalupo. Obviously all fast-food chains are going to have to combat the new consumer health expectations, yet we feel that under Cantalupos leadership, McDonalds has a strong enough consumer base to grow in the upcoming years. The financial analysis shows certain flaws in McDonalds finances, but these are great(p)ly collectable to the expansionary policy in place in the company.SWOT Analysis and Grand StrategiesSourceP. Wright, C.D. Pringle, and M.J. Kroll,Strategic Management,2nd ed. (Boston Allyn and Bacon, 1994), hawkish ForcesThe quick- serving sandwich industry faces competitive pressures from a number of forces. The major competitive threats originate from competing sellers in the industry as well as firms in other industries that offer substitute products. McDonalds main competitors indoors the quick-service sandwich industry are continually deriving new strategies through offensive and en garde ta ctics in set out to gain customers and market share. In 1989, Wendys implemented the 99 cent value menu as an offensive strategy to gain customers looking for a quality product at a value price. In retort, McDonalds and Burger King took a defensive approach and in addition instituted a value menu in their respective stores so that they wouldnt lose market share and customers to Wendys. Firms in the quick-service sandwich industry are constantly jockeying for meliorate market position through offensive strategies and in response to these strategies, other firms will take a defensive approach to moderate against that offensive move made by the rival firm.Forces in the manufacturing AnalysisSource Based on M.E. Porter,Competitive Strategy Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors intervene ProductsIn addition to competition from rival sellers in the industry, sandwich firms also face intense competitive pressure from firms in other industries interchange substitute pro ducts. The substitute products for the fast-food industry are probably some of the most diverse in the world. These substitute products may include products purchased from the local food product store, food from sit-down restaurants, or economisey foods such as pizza. The primary issue with these substitute products is that they are readily available to the customer and the customer tends to view them as being comparable or better in terms of the quality of fast-food products. other issue that faces the fast-food industry is the availability of products that cater to the health-conscious lifestyle. The majority of the public tends to view fast-food restaurants as primarily serving foods that are high in fat content and un intelligent and as a result they are likely to look elsewhere for a rosy alternative. In response to the product offerings, buyers also exercise a ample deal of bargaining ability through their purchasing antecedent. While fast-food products may not always b e associated with health and quality, fast-food restaurants to possess a major advantage over firms selling substitute products through the price of their products and the quick, well-to-do service.New EntrantsThe threat of potential new entrants and the bargaining power of suppliers is not a significant competitive force in the fast-food industry. Occasionally, new entrants will come along and compete with firms in the fast-food industry and offer substitute products. However, in order to compete on a large scale, it will require a great deal of capital to invest in real e declare and build physical restaurant locations. In addition, the market is already so arrant(a) that the new competitor might escort it difficult to establish a customer base and become profitable. Suppliers in the fast-food industry do not have substantial bargaining power due to the fact that firms in the fast-food business tend to purchase their materials from various outlets. one company might purchase t heir meat supplies from a friction match different meat manufacturers, then purchase their dairy ask from a number of different dairy companies, and also purchase their bakery products from a variety of sources. Since the fast-food firms divide their purchases among a diverse array of suppliers, the suppliers tend to have little or no bargaining power or supplement since there are multiple suppliers for the same products.Driving ForcesThere are a number of driving forces which have molded the current state of the fast-food industry. In the beginning, fast-food companies typically focused on being the low-cost supplier and sought to expand into as umteen markets as possible. As these national brands have grown, the markets they are competing in have become overly saturated with restaurant favorions. As a result, the fast-food industry has begun to focus on the needs of the customer. The buyer has a great deal of leveraging power due to the fact that if they are dissatisfied wit h one brand they can cushy switch or purchase from an alternate brand with little or no monetary repercussions. The fast-food firms have implemented strategies to improve the quality of customer service and the cleanliness of the restaurant locations in order to please their customers in hopes that they will become a repeat customer.Health FactorAll fast-food hamburger chains, McDonalds included, are forced to respond to the shift in customer preferences from high-calorie burger and hot up to healthier items such a deli sandwiches and baked potatoes. All the chains are expected to be struggling for several years to come to meet new consumer health expectations without compromising the original menu items.McDonalds customer service and opposing points As years have progress many issues have arisen for McDonalds but the greatest is probably its poor customer service. A customer service index done in 2003 found that McDonalds has the terminal the customer service ranking in the fas t food industry and is ranked even lower on customer service than the IRS. One reason for this is a high employee turnover rate. McDonalds has the highest employee turnover rate among its competitors. Another contributing aspect to the poor customer service is slow service at the drive-through windowpane. McDonalds currently ranks fifth in speed at the drive-through window and 19th in accuracy. If you compare its speed and accuracy to its competitors and keep in mind that McDonalds generates 60 per centum of its revenue from its drive-through and assume it is losing one percent of revenue for each six seconds that its behind, than McDonalds is loosing approximately 97,000 dollars annually.While McDonalds feels positive about its newly implemented changes the critics are quite an skeptical. It was stated that long-term they believe that it will be tough to sustain growth and margin expansion. precise concerns include McDonalds ability to maintain it current level of product rene wal and competitors ability to copy those ideas. The critics even went as far to question if McDonalds recent improvement was more of a reflection of the market and the dollar rather than its newly implemented strategy. In response, McDonalds officials stated that they will need to deliver on their stated goal of sustaining increases in sales and operating income. interest with the most significant question of weather or not the new changes will sufficiently provide McDonalds with core competencies necessary to build a sustainable competitive advantage in the global fast-food industry.2.2 Strategic analysis of McDonaldsMcDonalds Global strategyMcDonalds already holds a strong position in the global economy. It is recommendation that they decrease expansion in the almost saturated domestic markets, and continue their expansion in foreign countries, such as Asia, and the Pacific. Companies generally expand into foreign markets in an attempt to gain new customers and capitalize on cor e competencies. McDonalds core competency is that they are able to produce and sell quick and cheap food to a large number of customers. With this concept, they have been able to expand into other countries, and they currently are the largest global fast-food chain in the world. Since they already hold this lucrative position, they should continue expansion in an movement to drive out competition. One strong recommendation would be for McDonalds to expand into emerging markets. Since they focus on affordable food, it is likely that many could afford their products, and therefore, McDonalds could expand into a stronger company.Politically huffy StrategyOne of the companys major concerns was to develop ways to avoid policy-making confrontation with the Indian regime. The other major concern was to be metric of the religious sensitive in India. Almost 80% of Indians do not eat beef, and over 150 million Indian Muslims do not eat pork, therefore, instead of supplying the normal Bi g Mac, which consists of beef, the company developed the Maharaja Mac that is made of 2 lamb patties. Other foods were also added to the non-standardized menu including McAloo Tiki Burger, and other common Indian dishes.Emphasis on topical anaesthetic ManagementThroughout the world, McDonalds prides itself in hiring locals, specifically management in order to gain acceptance into the country by its citizens. The emphasis is based on the think global, act local theme of the company. For instance, the company decided to establish two joint ventures with two local entrepreneurs in New Delhi, who were selected to manage the fast food restaurant. This strategic move allowed the company to gain easy access to the bureaucracy associated with the countrys government.Employment OpportunityForeign enterprises are oftentimes reluctant to hire locals in their companies, specifically at the managerial positions, however, McDonalds research concluded that in order to survive the brutal Indian government, it would have to hire locals as cashiers, cooks, managers, etc., as well as provide jobs for the countrys coarse workforce. In fact, McDonalds outsources its products to several Indian companies throughout India. This provides evidence to the Indian government that McDonalds is not only customer friendly, but also employee friendly.Environmental comityIn order to achieve a positive re delegateation, as well as follow local and national policies of a country, McDonalds tries to establish serve that are environmentally friendly. India is an example where the company provides financial contributions and sponsors several community related activities in order to promote environmental protection. This is primarily seen within schools thus indicating that the company also supports local schools.Corporate CitizenshipIn order to better its reputation, this multinational firm gives back to the local citizens in all countries it operates. For example, the company provides severa l financial donations to local organizations. This is one way to elevate consumers to eat at its restaurants, as it is an incentive that is used to spread the name. diversificationOne strategy that McDonalds as well as many of the other fast-food chains have hugd is that of diversification. We feel that McDonalds should continue this trend. With the large health-craze hitting the United States, many restaurants have to change to healthier, higher quality menu items. The fast-food industry is no exception. Healthier burgers, low-fat salads are all popping up on menus across the country. We feel McDonalds should continue its diversification and incorporate more healthy foods, including low-carb burgers and fries. If McDonalds is able to stay ahead of the competition in this aspect, they will have a strong competitive advantage over such companies as Wendys and Burger King.Defend strategyThe purpose of this strategy is to make it harder for challengers to gain ground and for new firm s to enter. A fortify-and-defend strategy works well with firms that have already achieved industry dominance. Since McDonalds is already the industry leader in the fast-food market, they can opt for a number of tactics using this strategy to maintain their industry position. They can continue their expansion tactics by continuing to establish more stores around the world. This expansion would help defend against and help to admonish smaller companies from increasing their market share. In addition, they can also elect to invest capital in RD to aid in developing new technologies for their operations. These new technologies will help them remain cost-competitive and technologically progressive.Recommended strategy for McDonaldsThe main goal of the stay-on-the-offensive strategy is to be a proactive market leader. The principle of this strategy is to continually stay one step ahead of your competitors and force them to play catch up. McDonalds is already the industry leader in the fast-food industry with a market share of 33 percent compared with the number two chain in the industry, Burger King at 13 percent market share. They can stay out front by implementing technological improvements in their restaurants to enhance the production methods or to improve the ordering process of the customer. In addition, they can also discover new or better product offerings to satisfy the needs of their customers. The best approach that McDonalds can take through this strategy is to improve their customer service. McDonalds customer service ranking was the last-place in the fast-food industry and was even lower than the Internal Revenue Service. To improve upon this substandard attribute, McDonalds should revamp their training process for newly hired employees and introduce new educational modules for currently employed personnel.Training and learningMcDonalds should put more emphasis on training of its employees as part of their strategy of growth.Training and learning i s the main tools for HR to prepear management for any upcoming change in the organization. According to Beardwell and Claydon (2007) the role of formal training in organisation today appears to have declined significantly. Firstly, the speed with which skills requirements change in some sectors means the formal time consuming, to deliver efficiently as required. Secondly, the increase recognition of Human resource development as a tool to achieve competitive advantage has raised awareness of the need of the embrace learning as a central strategic concern and to be part of the culture of the organisation. Employees, employers, managers, leaders, government, European and international bodies, customers and Human resource development specialist consultants all of them needs more training for the future.Equal fortuneEqual opportunity, means changing workplace behaviour in the areas of discrimination, inner harassment and affirmative action to ensure that all employees have fair to m iddling access to fulfilling and productive working lives. Wright,N (2003)3. ConclusionIn analyzing McDonalds, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats were inevitably explored to better understand the current situation. This SWOT analysis shows us that although there are numerous threats against the fast-food industry, McDonalds occupies a relatively strong position in the global marketplace. According to the five forces model, the strongest competitive force is between rival sellers in the industry. This SWOT analysis shows the much strength that Mc Donalds employs to keep itself at the top of the fast-food industry. Although there are various weaknesses, these can all be turned around following the McDonalds Plan to Win, which was implemented with the hiring of Jim Cantalupo.McDonalds has adopted many strategic changes during its business cycle.McDonalds business will continue to thrive as long as the core competencies are recognized and never forgotten. With every i ssue and challenge the corporation faces, it has the opportunity to improve itself and prove itself to the public, shareholders, and stakeholders. With every battle conquered, another one rises and with a secure mission and vision in mind, the corporation should never stray too far from the grow and success of the company. The recommended strategy will strengthen this plan because it is doing what McDonalds does best and more so. Despite the downturn the company has seen, the general impression we receive from McDonalds financial situation is that the company is slowly climbing out of a low period and making a turnaround. We must never forget the key success factors of the business which really makes the business for what it is today, including franchises that offer quick, efficient service in a clean friendly environment.4. Recommendations squad buildingTeam building is crucial for any individual McDonalds store for improvement of their sales figure and as a whole for the organiz ation. If the organizations have the proper police squad than they can face all sorts of challenges, they can achieve the competitive advantage, and organizations can maximize their profit.Sustainable growthManagers and employees of McDonalds need to put more effort about the sustainable growth. In this constant changing world of organisational dynamic only sustainable companies will survive. McDonalds should have concern more on their product and the way they produce it , and environmental issues.Total quality managementTotal quality management is the key of the success in the development path. If everything is done by as they planned, than they will the quality in every field of the organisation.The reason behind is, why researcher is accenting on these studies, because after covering these factors managers, employees and organisations will get the continuous development path.

Integration of WLANS, PAN, LAN and GSM in Hmanets

Integration of Wlocal bea lucreS, PAN, LAN and GSM in HmanetsINTERWORKING ISSUES IN INTEGRATION OF WLANS, PAN, LAN AND GSM IN HMANETSKEY TO SYMBOLS OR ABBREVIATIONSAP approaching PointsAMASS Architecture for runny Ad-hoc schemas and serveAODV Ad Hoc on Demand Distance Vector RoutingBS Base StationBNEP Bluetooth Network Encapsulation ProtocolCDMA Code-Division septuple AccessCGSR Cluster-head plan of attackion Switch RoutingCSMA/CA newsboy Sense Multiple Access with conflict dodgingCTS Clear to SendDBTMA Dual Tone Multiple AccessDSDV Destination Sequenced Distance Vector RoutingDSR Dynamic Source RoutingGEO-TORA Geographical tempor whollyy Ordered Routing AlgorithmGPRS General Packet Radio ServiceGPS spherical Positioning SystemGRDL Grid Resource Description LanguageGSM orbicular System for spry CommunicationHF high up FrequencyHMANET conf dropd winding Ad Hoc NetworkHOLSR Hierarchical Optimized connective State RoutingIP net ProtocolLBR Location ground RoutingL LC Logical Link deem macintosh Medium Access constraintMACA Multi Hop Collision AvoidanceMACAW Medium Access Protocol for radio LANMAN metropolitan Area NetworkMANET Mobile Ad Hoc NetworkMPR Multipoint RelaysNAT Network woo TranslationNFS Network blame SystemOLSR Optimized Link State RoutingOSI commit Systems InterconnectionPDA Personal Digital subordinateQoS Quality of ServiceRREP Route ReplyRREQ Route RequestRERR Route ErrorSCTP persist rate Control Transmission ProtocolSDR Softw atomic get 18-Defined RadioTBRPF Topology radiate Based on Reverse Path ForwardingTC Topology Controltransmission control protocol Transmission Control ProtocolTDMA Time Division Multiple AccessTORA Tempor individually(prenominal)y Ordered Routing AlgorithmVHF Very mellowed FrequencyWAN Wide Area NetworkWLAN Wireless local Area NetworksWPAN Wireless Personal Area NetworkWSDL weathervane function Description LanguageWSN Wireless Sensor NetworkZRP zone Routing ProtocolChapter 1 1 INTRODUCTI ONRecent ontogenys in tuner discourses come taken potential applications programmes from simple voice operate in early cellular cyberspaces to newer integrated entropy applications. IEEE 802.11 family i.e. Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) gift become popular for furnishing low cost selective information transmissions 1. The most common and approach open places, such as airports, hotels, shopping places, university camp c all tolds and homes have been go awayd with WLAN Access Points (AP) which provide hotspot connectivity . The future advances in groundbreaking radios wish Software-Defined Radio (SDR) and cognitive radio technologies exit surely help oneself the need of multi-mode, multi- port wine and multi-band chat twirls. This complex engagementing look-a homogeneous will receivedly enable a ingestionr to enjoy better usefulness quality, ministration of use and mobility, slice keeping in view the application require and types of functional approac h webs e.g. cellular communicate, WLAN, radio receiver individualized battlefield profits (WPAN) etcetera1.1 Mobile Ad hoc NetworksThe Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a network formed by lively radio hosts without (necessarily) victimization a be infra expression and the courses among these hosts whitethorn potentially contain multiple confabulation hops 2. The autonomous nature of move mobile nodes enables MANETs to have ever-changing and frequently changing network topology. The nodes are self-organizing and behave as roadrs. The free and speed of deployment and decreased dependence on home have do ad hoc networks popular inwardly really short span of time. MANET variations imply Personal area networking (e.g. cell phone, laptop, ear phone), Military milieus (e.g. soldiers, tanks, aircraft), Civilian environments (e.g. taxicab network, meeting rooms, sports stadiums), and foremost Emergency operations (e.g. search-and-rescue, policing and fire fighting). M ANETs rapid deployment, ease of use and subsequent properties make them a hot choice for umpteen important applications.1.1.1 Resource SharingOne of the intended aspects of MANETs is that it will serve the manduction of visions. These imply twain technical and selective breeding resources. Technical resources identical bandwidth, Quality of Service (QoS), computational power, storage susceptibility and information resources overwhelm any(prenominal) amiable of information from entropybases. Resource sharing among mobile subterfuges beseech the devices to agree on discourse protocols without the existence of any dedicated servers.1.1.2 Coordination SystemMechanisms that enable the sharing of resources surrounded by varied mobile devices, i.e. dissimilar coordination transcription is necessary for sharing dissimilar resources. Examples of such mechanisms are Samba, Network File System (NFS) for sharing disk space and the distri besidesed dot net knob for shari ng processor cycles.1.1.3 Trust EstablishmentBefore nodes start sharing any resource, they inquire a certain amount of aver amid them or trunks with which they share resources. The aim of trust depends on the kind of information or resources that is to be shared. For instance, sharing processor cycles require less trust than the sharing of ain information. Similarly, sharing of profit-making or highly sensitive information back end require an separate level of trust establishment. There are systems shortly in operation that quite a little provide a certain amount of trust like the public key infrastructure that makes use of certificates.1.1.4 Node breakthroughBefore any node starts communication with other node, that node mustiness be discovered. When a node enters the network, it has to be fitted of communicating to the other nodes about its capabilities e.g. it is a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) and it has a camera, Global Positioning System (GPS) capabilities and G lobal System for Mobile Communication (GSM) capabilities etc. When a node is detected, other users weed mastermind a query to the new device to find out what it has to adduce. commercialized service providers can advertise the resources they have to offer through internet Protocol (IP) multicasts. There is a myriad of standards that include resource description protocols like Standards Grid Resource Description Language (GRDL), the Web serve Description Language (WSDL) for telling all offer devices a fashion to describe and publish their specific resources and needs. There are withal dissimilar dissimilar systems currently available that can gather these resource descriptions and structure them for other devices to use.1.1.5 Resource descriptionFor any device to be able to use any resource, a way to identify and describe the resource has to be agreed upon by all available devices. If, for instance, storage capacity is to be shared, it first has to be clear what the capaci ty of individually device is, and, what the storage need is. Although there are techniques to describe certain resources tho not one technique that is able to provide this service for all resources. The available techniques combined, however, cover most of what is needed.1.2 MANET ClassificationsMobile Ad hoc Networks are unremarkably categorized as Homogeneous MANETs and Heterogeneous MANETs.1.2.1 Homogeneous MANETsWhen MANETs pass away in fully Symmetric Environment whereby all nodes posses identical capabilities in footing of onslaught, processing powers, responsibilities and computer hardware and software capabilities, thus having no diversity, the network is solid MANET.1.2.2 Heterogeneous MANETsIn certain environments, mobile nodes may have lopsided capabilities in terms of transmission ranges, Medium Access Control (MAC), battery life, processing powers, speed of movement and software variations etc. Mobility rate may also differ in ad hoc networks out-of-pocket to varying profession characteristics, transmission ranges, reliability requirements and communication needs. Similarly, make doing and traffic flows like host- base placeing, content-based addressing or capability-based addressing patterns may be defined in certain scenarios for example, people sitting at an airport lounge, metro taxi cabs, sportsmen playing and military movements etcHomogenous MANETs do not allow for the heterogeneity in the network, which is seriously required in many scenarios, for instance, in a military battlefield network, where soldiers usually harbour light portable radio receiver devices and more powerful equipment like High Frequency (HF) or Very High Frequency (VHF) is installed on vehicles. So, multiform mobile nodes may co-exist in a maven ad hoc network making it a Heterogeneous MANET.1.3 Criterion for Heterogeneous MANETsThe integration of different communication networks like cellular networks, WLANs, and MANETs is not straightforward collectabl e to unhomogeneous communication scenarios, different interface capabilities and dynamic mobility patterns of mobile nodes. This exhibits many thinkable application scenarios where devices may unexpectedly interact, create and receive random data streams (video and music etc), or request different network services. The drawback is that each network type typically uses its own protocol stack especially in the case of medium access. In fact, frequence al fix becomes more complicated since different wireless technologies like IEEE 802.11 a and IEEE 802.15.4 may possibly operate in the same relative frequency band, which makes coexistence mechanisms increasingly important. A mingled MANET paradigm needs to be capable of providing subsequent characteristics.1.3.1 TransparencyThe network should be capable of providing circular-knit end-to-end communication among mobile nodes i.e. the MANET user must not be informed about the route followed or network interfaces traversed by a com munication school term 3.1.3.2 MobilityIntegration among dissimilar communication networks must facilitate mobile nodes via some mobility management framework that can manage flow of information through different medium access techniques 4.1.3.3 AddressingMost of the IP based networks consider each communication interface as an independent network device running under its own protocol stack 5. However, this mechanism makes it difficult to remember destinations by IP addresses. So, there must be some mechanism similar to existence name service to recognize mobile nodes with more logical and light-headed to remember names.1.3.4 ConfigurationVarious configuration options like network ID, willingness for concerted communications, desired mobility level and intended services shall be provided to mobile users for their thingamajig 6.1.3.5 End to End shelterIntegration between different networks and data transfer over multiple wireless hops can even so expose data to malicious node s. Security mechanisms must take distribute of end-to-end data security as soundly as route security 7.1.3.6 Transmission Power and interference of NodesMANET routing protocols must take concern of answers arising due to various communication ranges like communication gray zones 4 and issues arising because of various communication technologies like Bluetooth and WLAN working in same frequency band 1.1.3.7 Utilization of ResourcesIn confused networking paradigm, there may stand up situations where some or most of the mobile nodes are installed with different kind of resources. For example, there may be some nodes installed with location monitoring devices like GPS. Now it is the responsibility of routing protocol to benefit from such capabilities in revision to facilitate location aided routing and similar services 8.1.4 Problem didacticsCurrent query efforts in mobile ad hoc networks are in the first place converging towards inclusion of dissimilar communication technolog ies like IEEE 802.11 9 and IEEE 802.15.4 10 to a single mobile ad hoc network. Integrations of different networks like Wide Area Networks WANs (1G, 2G, 2.5G, 3G) and metropolitan Area Networks MANs (IEEE 802.16) wherein users can access the system through a rigid base station (BS) or AP committed to a wired infrastructure in single hop fashion are also extending towards multihop communication environment using the new and revolutionary paradigm of a mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), in which nodes constituting MANET serve as routers.Comprehensive research efforts have been through with(p) to address the issues related to infrastructure-less multihop communications among nodes installed with dissimilar communication capabilities 3, 11, 12, 13. However, an investigating needs to be made in order to analyze and address the issues arising from such integrations. Such problems relate to both end users convenience (For example, memory each destination with its IP address is a cumbersome course specially when every destination may carry multiple IP addresses and any communication interface may optionally be connected or disconnected) as well as networks execution for example, routing to the best possible interface when there are multiple interfaces installed at destination. Likewise, optimized populatehood espial and position based routing can help to better mingled ad hoc networks performance and scalability.1.5 ObjectivesThe objective of this thesis is to show the integration of different technologies like WPAN, WLAN and GSM having different capabilities and protocol stacks to mobile ad hoc networks. achievement improvement issues relating to network configuration, human understandable naming mechanism and advance(a) location aided routing mechanisms will also be discussed and evaluated on an echt ad hoc network mental testingbed.1.6 Thesis OrganizationChapter 2 describes the different endeavor and technological challenges arising from integration of m ultiple communication interfaces. Chapter 3 includes an overview of famous heterogeneous routing protocols architectures, interworking issues encountered, the limitation and solution suggested. Chapter 4 specifically discusses the adopted solution. Chapter 5 presents the expatiate about solution implementation, protocol evaluation testbed, proposed test cases for evaluation of the proposed mechanisms and go aways obtained, whereas chapter 6 concludes the research work.Chapter 2 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 IntroductionThe literary productions available on heterogeneous MANETs has suggested different combination of access technologies but no comprehensive solution comprising of maximum access technologies has been suggested yet. Some of the suggested techniques will be discussed in succeeding paragraphs.2.2 Service Architecture for Heterogeneous IP NetworksIt was presented by Joe C. Chan and Doan B. 14. This proposal is presented to resolve two main issues i.e. universal connectivity a nd MANET location management in heterogeneous networks. The new architecture suggested for Mobile Ad-hoc Systems and run (AMASS) introduces a new abstraction shape called Mobile P2P overlay in order to cater for the problems such as transparency, dynamic routing, unique addressing, association, and application independence. Mobile users can associate local resources from neighboring devices, build wireless on-demand systems which is independent of location, hardware devices, networking technology and infrastructure availability. Five key formula considerations considered were Mobile Peer-to-Peer Overlay, Internet Interworking, Intelligent Overlay Routing, Infrastructure-free Positioning and Application bed Mobility. Three enhanced mobility models offered in this approach are Personal Mobility (using different IP devices fleck keeping the same address), Session Mobility (keeping the same session composition changing IP devices) and Service Mobility (keeping personal services pa tch moving between networks).The architecture is construct on a peer-to-peer communication model to integrate MANETs seamlessly into heterogeneous IP networks. Mobile Peer-to-Peer System(P2P) is a distributed Middleware addresses the demand of direct communication needs by creating spontaneous community. Whenever the Mobile P2P system has global connectivity, it works with its peer system and other applications systems by generic P2P signaling. It consists of Ad-hoc Network social class and Mobile P2P Overlay. The former layer includes wireless hardware and MANET routing software offering homogeneous connectivity among nodes with same wireless interfaces. These nodes act as a router forwarding traffic toward its destination. The later layer includes the following loading services (i) Membership Services offers single sign-on, naming, profile and identity features (ii) Discovery Services for peer/resource discovery and caching (iii) Communication Services for Internet interworking , intelligent routing, session overtop, presence and service delivery (iv) Location Services for infrastructure-free positioning, and user mobility management functions (v) Adaptation Services for application and network services adaptation.Members of the Mobile P2P system should first sign-in a common group with their exclusive name and password. Some stationary nodes may also join to offer its resources such as Internet connection, printer, video conferencing. Whenever these client devices are within range of each other, they would work together as a squad leading to a wireless adhoc service community where local resources could be shared by individual at its will. These members will then be available by intimating their capabilities and location information to the central location server. culture regarding bodily location is also essential to offer spatial neck of the woods relationships and enable mobile content customization.The results which were achieved through this pr ocess can be summarized as first, it maximizes the synergies of MANETs and P2P for building wireless on-demand systems and services. MANETs provide dynamic physical connectivity while P2P offers dynamic associations of entities (users, devices, and services) for direct resources sharing. Second, its Mobile P2P overlay unites mobility, user-centric connectivity, and services for universal communications. This allow dynamic service adaptations pertinent to user location, application requirements, and network environments. Third, it presents a flexible network structure stimulating fixed and wireless networks convergence. The result is an Integrated Mobile Internet which makes our future environment lot better.2.3 luculent Heterogeneous Mobile Ad hoc NetworksThe idea was suggested by Patrick Stuedi and Gustavo Alonso3. The paper discussed that performance issues in a personal area network (PAN) or wireless sensor network (WSN) may have less priority than an function network. In contr ast, battery life and low cost is vital to PANs and WSN while most probably it is not an issue in an office network. dispense a scenario where in a certain university campus the students carry variety of personal devices like mobile phones, PDA or laptops equipped with different communication technologies tailored to their capabilities. The mobile phones or PDA will be using Bluetooth whereas laptops have 802.11 as well as a Bluetooth interface built in technology. Ubiquitously combining all these devices into one mobile ad hoc network could invite new applications and services such as location based services or VoIP. So there may be an former where a personal device of one particular PAN magnate communicate with a personal device of another PAN in a multi-hop fashion with the underlying MAC scheme changing per hop.In this scenario two issues needs to be solved i.e. broadcast emulation and handover. Broadcast emulation is not directly supported in Bluetooth (nor on nodes comprisi ng both Bluetooth and 802.11). Handover is an issue because, in the case of heterogeneous MANETs, a handover might include a change in how the medium is accessed. A handover can be caused by node mobility, a change in user preferences (where due to energy constraints the user chooses to use Bluetooth instead of 802.11), or performance reasons. 15 either device or node supporting multi interface though having different protocol stack will be specific to the interface at lower level. This characteristic will deteriorate the ability of a device to switch from one network to the other. The objective of such network is to provide an end-to-end communication abstraction that hides heterogeneity. The different possible design differs from each other with regard to application transparency, performance and mobility. There is another issue of handover which includes route changes as well as MAC switching. In principle, there are three possible scenarios2.3.1 Horizontal HandoverThe horizontal handover between the participating nodes take place when the route changes and underlying MAC technology mud the same.2.3.2 Vertical HandoverThe route does not change but the given neighbor is now reached through a new physical interface.2.3.3 Diagonal HandoverThe shot handover takes when the MAC technology and route between the participating nodes change simultaneously.To address all these issues an IP based heterogeneous mobile ad hoc test bed using Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11 that implements a virtual interface approach as the end-to-end abstraction is presented.2.4 Stream Control Transmission Protocol other approach presented by R. Stewart, Q. Xie, and K. Morneault is 16 Stream Control Transmission Protocol, a canalise protocol defined by the IETF providing similar services to TCP. It ensures reliable, in-sequence delivery of messages. small-arm TCP is byte-oriented, SCTP deals with framed messages. A major involvement of SCTP is its multi-homing support. One (or both) endpoi nts of a connection can consist of more than one IP addresses, change transparent fail-over between hosts or network cards.Each interface could be separately cond and maintained (AODV-UU 17 e.g., supports multiple interfaces). This solution seems to be quite of import in terms of performance since SCTP optimizes the transmission over multiple links. In fact, if one particular node can be reached through some(prenominal) interfaces, SCTP switches transmission from one interface to another after a predefined morsel of missing acknowledgements. Unfortunately, the solution lacks transparency. Applications running traditional unix sockets would have to be changed to use SCTP sockets instead. other problem arises with the connection oriented nature of Bluetooth. In Bluetooth, interfaces attend and disappear dynamically depending on whether the connection to the specific node is currently up or down. Therefore, this is something that both the ad hoc routing protocol as well as SCTP w ould have to cope with.2.5 Global connectivity for IPv6 Mobile Ad Hoc NetworksR. Wakikawa, J. T. Malinen, C. E. Perkins, A. Nilsson, and A. J. Tuominen, in 2003 through IETF Internet Draft, 2003 presented Global connectivity for IPv6 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, suggested one of the solutions for connecting heterogeneous MANETs. Before this work, the issue was solved by the traditional Internet model. still by adopting the approach presented by them the non structured MANETs were made to operate in structured environment, and inevitably limit the extent of flexibility and freedom that an evolving Mobile Internet can offer. Current mobile positioning and network mobility solutions are mainly infrastructure-driven which is contradictory to infrastructure-less MANETs. Without a flexible and user-centric network structure, existing solutions are generally insufficient to handle the dynamic and on-demand requirements of MANETs.2.6 ConclusionHeterogeneous MANET service architectures and routi ng protocols have been talked about and it is established that lots of enhancements need to be introduced to the heterogeneous ad hoc networks. First of all, different issues like IP addresses to hostname mapping and seamless communication need to be addressed. Secondly, ad hoc networks must seamlessly utilize all underlying interfaces. Finally, research efforts need to converge towards real-world network deployment as very few MANET service architectures have been evaluated on actual network testbeds.Chapter 3 3 INTEGRATION CHALLENGES 3.1 IntroductionThe invention of mobile devices like laptops, personal digital assistant (PDA), smart phones and other handheld gadgets having dissimilar communication interfaces smooth the progress of data transmissions without any predetermined infrastructure and centralize ecesis. 18. Such data transmissions can only be made on top of infrastructure-less networks composed of fully autonomous mobile nodes. But, these infrastructure-less networks d o make many complexities like dynamic and ever changing topology, heterogeneity in nodes, energy constraints, bandwidth constraints, limited security and scalability. However, there user-friendliness and rapid deployment make them an imperious part of 4th Generation (4G) architecture allowing the mobile users to communicate anytime, anywhere and with the help of any device.3.2 Technological ChallengesThe specialized nature of MANETs enforces many challenges for protocol design by incorporating changes in all layers of protocol stack 2. For instance, all the changes in link characteristics must be dealt with physical layer. MAC work should ensure fair channel access and avoidance of packet collision. computer science of best possible routes among mobile autonomous nodes must be done by the network layer. ecstasy layer must modify its flow control mechanism to tolerate Packet loss and transmission delays arising because of wireless channel. The continuous making or breaking of c onnection due to nodes mobility be handled by application layer. These issues at each layer need to be handled effectively in order to smooth the transition from traditional network to advanced MANETs.3.2.1 The Physical LayerIn heterogeneous MANETs there can be a node which may be able to access multiple networks simultaneously. If a node on one hand, is connected to a cellular network, and on the other hand it exists within the coverage area of an 802.11b AP, the network or the node should be able to switch between them. Moreover, in heterogeneous environment, different wireless technologies may operate in the same frequency band and it is significant that they coexist without degrading each others performance. Therefore, techniques to reduce interference between nodes are important. For example, a node communicating with other nodes via multihop path may have lesser interference than a node communicating directly with AP. This is due to the attachment of increased number of nodes to the AP. Another way of reducing interference is Power control techniques utilise in code-division multiple access (CDMA)-based cellular networks and MANET 15.The research issues range from invention considerations to power control techniques include efficacious design of nodes that can expeditiously switch between different technologies and ensure higher data rates, development of Interference attenuation techniques between various wireless access technologies, changeover techniques and coding schemes that improve the performance of a given technology and frequency planning schemes for increasing the utilization of frequency spectrum3.2.2 Link LayerThe data link layer can be divided into Logical Link Control (LLC) and Medium Access Control (MAC) layers. When a node needs to communicate to another node having cellular interface, it uses a centralized MAC access like Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) or CDMA with a data rate upto 2.4 Mb/s. On the other hand, when a node comm unicates in 802.11 environments, it uses distributed random access scheme like Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) upto a data rate of 11 Mb/s. So, this difference of data rate is leaving to be one of the interworking considerations.Due to dissimilar access technologies at median(a) hops, the performance of ad hoc networks deteriorates. The problems such as hidden and exposed terminals also limit the capacity of MANETs. The need of evolving mechanisms such as power control and power aware MAC protocols is mandatory to improve the performance of ad hoc networks. In a heterogeneous network, the cross-layer design may play a significant role in providing useful information to upper layers.Another important issue to be considered at the link/MAC level is Security. Although, end-to-end security is the responsibility in the application layer, some wireless access technologies provide a certain level of security at the lower layers. Although the link and MAC layers in a multi-interface node can operate autonomously, but their operations have to be optimized to provide explicit service to the upper layers. Some of the open issues include design of efficient link and MAC layer protocols to support QoS in Heterogonous MANET, channel administration schemes that consider different categories of traffic, and allow call blocking and handoff failure probabilities and security at Link / MAC layer.3.2.3 Network LayerThe network layer needs to integrate all underlying communication interfaces therefore, it is the most challenging task. The presence of nodes with multiple communication interfaces allow to have different physical and MAC layer technologies which need to be taken into account while dealing with an integrated routing process. But, the problem of MANETs such as frequent route changes due to mobility, higher communication overhead to learn and uphold legal routes, higher end-to-end delay and limited end-to-end capacity due to problems at the lower layers are main contributing factors in plan of routing process 19.In order to reduce network control traffic, improve throughput and increase the range, the idea of integrating MANETs with infrastructure networks is evolved. Hence, mechanism to find gateways and mighty con IP addresses is required by such nodes in a MANET. The network layer has to find the best route between any source and destination pair. To define the best route, including number of hops, delay, throughput, signal strength, and so on several metrics can be used. Moreover, the network layer has to handle horizontal handoffs between the same technology and vertical handoffs between different technologies in a seamless manner. Several routing protocols have been presented for heterogeneous MANETs but the design of integrated and intelligent routing protocols is largely open for research with issues like development of routing capability in a heterogeneous environment that supports all communication possibilities between nodes forming MANET, scalability in multihop routing without significantly escalating the overhead and study of the impact of additional routing constraints (like co-channel interference, load balance, bandwidth), and requirements (services, speed, packet delay) needed by nodes and networks.3.2.4 Transport LayerIn connection oriented please session, as in case of Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), packet loss is presume to occur due to congestion in the network. This assumptions leads to the performance degradation of TCP and factors such as channel errors, jitter and handoffs are overlooked. Moreover, in heterogeneous environments, the transport protocol has to handle the high delays involved in vertical work force off (while switching from one interface to another), server migration, and bandwidth aggregation 16.Sometimes, a node changes its IP address when it needs

Integrated Children and Youth Social Services

Integrated Children and early days complaisant ServicesIntegrated Children and Youth neighborly ServicesIntroductionThe cultivation of incorporate go in Hong Kong aims to reduce the fragmentation and duplication of serving, fill service gaps, make custody deployment and resources allocation become to a greater extent flexible, and concern union demand (Angie Hong Kong Government, 1991). fit to Social Welf be Department, integrated children and early days service centre (ICYSC) integrates children and young person centre-based team, school conviction well-disposed work team and outreach team to better process the multiple needs of children and jejuneness aged from 6 to 24 exploitation the total person approach. There are four main(prenominal) objectives as shown belowFacilitating the personal development of children and youth to develop their spirit skills, potential and problem-solving ability.Enhancing the social development of children and youth in set uping up positive social values and attitudes, enhancing interpersonal and family relationships as well as contributing to the well being of the community.Adopting a community-based planning strategy to insure to local youth needs and to arouse the communitys concerns on youth issues so that young people could grow up in a more than concerned and supportive environment.Providing guidance and support to children and youth in disadvantaged circumstances much(prenominal) as disadvantaged family environment, deprived living environment and unfavourable social environment etc. and to put them to more positive lifestyle.ICYSC mainly set ups four considerates of meaning programs, including social right and competence enhancement programmes, supportive services, socialization programmes, and guidance and direction services. Social responsibility and competence enhancement programmes piece of tail enhance civic mindfulness and involvement of children and youth in community issues. Support ive services for disadvantaged children and youth aim at facilitating mutual support and enhancing their personal as well as social functioning. Socialization programmes aim at part children and youth enhance the interpersonal and family relationships and development of life skills. Guidance and counseling services aim at providing opportunities for children and youth to deal with their difficulties and stress.Apart from the core programmes, ICYSC withal chargeed on how buns the centre attract more children and youth, how to enable them to utilize their leisure season constructively, how to build rapport with members and their families, and how to build up community links. Among the work of ICYSC, community needs should be accustomed the naughtyest priority and the centre should collaborate with other signifi kindlet persons or systems which require the welfare of the children and youth.There is no regulation or guidelines about what integrated mannequin should be adopted b y ICYSC. The integrated model rattling depends on the agency and the community served so that clients and residents are best benefited.Strengths and Limitations of ICYSCThe areas of strengths and weaknesses of ICYSC erect be interpreted in distinguishable kinds of integration as different agencies may apply different integration models or concepts.Service integrationFor service users, service integration allows earlier intervention, the service gap is narrow and the stigmatization of clients are lessened. However, this may weaken services for hosts with special needs, such as marginal youth. For workers, higher degree of coordination tooshie be develop with insights from colleagues but it takes much time to communicate and both workload and mechanical press are increased. For agency, there preserve be higher flexibility in deploying manpower and resources, preventing the overlapping of services. Nevertheless, it increases the time involve and the difficulty in centering a nd coordination. The graphic symbol of supervision may be lowered. There may also be insufficient space in peak periods, including after school hours and weekends. These may affect the quality of service to children and youth.Profession-oriented integrationunlike professionals fall in and work together. For example, policemen work with social workers in Police Superintendent finesse Scheme. Teachers cooperate with social workers to hold school events for students. With different professional skills and knowledge, the quality of service can be increased. Multi-level and multi-disciplinary interventions are also available. However, as all(prenominal) profession may generate its own values and preferences, it requires much time for discussion, collaboration and instruction execution of services. In case of conflicts among professionals, conflict-resolution is required. In this way, the quantity of time providing direct services to children and youth may become limited.Method-ori ented integratingDifferent intervention methods like casework, group work, community work, asset-based community development model can be merged together to form a multi-level intervention. This makes it more flexible to fulfill clients with different needs. This kind of integration trains workers skills and build up their knowledge so the services provide to children and youth can opposition the changing societal needs. Since workers have to step into and consider many intervention methods together, the workload and pressure of workers are highly increased. If they are burnt out, the efforts compensable in working will be decreased.Agency-oriented IntegrationDifferent agencies can collaborate together and increase their resource pool by sharing. Resources can be manpower, financial support professional service or unique(predicate) knowledge and skills. A typical example would be volunteer group where children and youth centre works with elderly centre or rehabilitation centre. These kinds of cooperation can best utilized resources from and strengths of different agencies, avoiding the overlapping of services. As this kind of integration requires the collaboration of different agencies and the efforts to match clients needs with resources, it is relatively time-consuming.Locality-oriented IntegrationSimilar to agency-oriented integration, locality-oriented integration makes use of the resource pool but it is peculiarly from community and aims at serving community needs. The sharing of resources strengthens the interflow and referral system with agencies in the same locality, reducing the administration process and enhancing the cohesion in the community. Social capital built and convenience are beneficial to service users. Again, it is almosttimes time-consuming as consensus and negotiation are non easy to achieve.Client-oriented IntegrationDifferent services under one roof can be served to different clients profiles or needs. The services are more per son-centered so as to promote holistic development of clients, serving multiple and developmental needs throughout their life-spans by single point of entry. To fully adopt this integration, high level of coordination among teams as well as case management are crucial. Outreach work has to be carried out in order to better experience clients needs. Hence, workers may have higher workload and pressure. There may also be conflicts between different types of clients.There are also several(prenominal) general limitations of ICYSC model. Models are not regularly and comprehensively evaluated. The government didnt provide clear operational guidelines to NGO on the way of implementation of integration. Owing to the governmental subvention (i.e. clod sum grant), service providers have to fulfill requirement of funding service agreement so they focus more on quantitative output than qualitative outcome. With fixed substance of subvention, agencies compete with each other to apply for res ources and funding. When services are direct by funding, it may not fit the community needs well. The lump sum grant also hinder long-term planning of services and sustainable service development as no one can guarantee there will be enough resources for the events in the flood tide years.Improvement on Implementation of ICYSCThere are some suggestions on how to improve the implementation of ICYSC model. And they are categorized into worker, agency and policy levels.1) doer LevelThe government may support mandatory training to social workers and other relevant professions to let them master and update their knowledge and skills to playact the changing integration environment. Workers may also make use of their loose time and working hours to better equipped themselves to comply with agencys integration model.2) Agency LevelThe agency can review community needs regularly and frequently. It can also develop a web-based electronic database for more effective case-management and sha re among multi-disciplinary teams confidentially so as to provide more integrated and real-time client-based information. The pool of resources should be strengthened by developing self-sustaining services and reducing the limitation from government funding.3) policy LevelThe government should introduce emergency funding to meet peeled or sudden community needs and provide financial certificate to facilitate long-term planning in NGO. FSA should be evaluated and restructured based on quality and fulfillment of community needs. ICYSC models should be regularly evaluated to see if amendment is needed with the invitation of suggestions from agencies and citizens. Although different districts may have different needs, there should be some common needs for children and youth in Hong Kong. It is good to synchronize services for these common needs among service providers in Hong Kong. Last but not least, tripartite collaboration among the public, the private sector and the government sho uld be intensify so resource pool will be magnified and self-sustainability can be promoted.ConclusionIt is hoped that by adopting the more appropriate integration model, sympathy the strengths and weaknesses of the adopted integrated model with continual evaluation and improvement, children and youth can satisfy their diverse needs in a holistic manner. Children and youth can enjoy one-stop and user-friendly services. Hence, the future generation can be nurtured well and contribute to society when time comes.(1497 words) ReferencesAngie, Y. The purpose and future development of social services integration.Hong Kong Government (1991). White paper on social welfare into the 1990s andbeyond. Retrieved 9 May, 2014, from http//ebook.lib.hku.hk/CADAL/B38633498.pdfSocial Welfare Department. Funding and service agreement (lump sum grant)integrated children and youth service centres (ICYSC). Retrieved 9 May, 2014, from http//www.swd.gov.hk/ doctor/fsa_sd/ICYSC.pdfSocial Welfare Department. Integrated children and youth service centres. Retrieved9 May, 2014, from http//www.swd.gov.hk/en/index/site_pubsvc/page_young/sub_centreserv/ id_integrated4/

Failure analysis report on the chernobyl power plant

Failure analysis describe on the chernobyl originator plant1. innovationThis memo is a failure analysis report on the Chernobyl nuclear authority Plant located near the city of Pripyat, Ukraine. On April 26, 1986, a nuclear reactor at the power plant exploded, releasing a sinewy stream of radioactive vapour. Immediately, the explosion killed 54 peck. Later on, effects repayable to radiation claimed the lives of at least an additional 2500 people (International Atomic efficacy Agency, 2006). This report impart excuse the events leading up to the failure, the failure itself, the reasons for the failure, and the lessons to be intimate from this failure.2. Description of reactor and failurei) In this section, I will explain the mechanism of the reactor. I will also placethe reactors components in bold.The Chernobyl Power Plant was fuelled using uranium mined from the earth the uranium was unbroken in fuel bundles. The main objective of the power plant was to substitute heat p roduced by the slightly-enriched uranium into electricity (World atomic Association, 2009). In modulate to do this, control rods first s embarrasseded down the steps of reactions by absorb stray neutrons from the fission reactions (World thermonuclear Association, 2009). After the fission reactions began producing heat, this heat was and then transferred to stored water which eventually converted to steamer at a temperature of 580C (The Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster, 2008). The pressure of the steam moved a turbine which then power a generator. The final process was the condensation of the steam back into lucid using a cooling lake, thus repeating the cycle (World Nuclear Association, 2009). This type of nuclear reactor is known as a dynamic channel reactor or a RBMK reactor, as referred to it by the Soviets (World Nuclear Association, 2009). The Chernobyl Power Plant had four such(prenominal) reactors each with a power rating of 1000 megawatts (World Nuclear Association, 2009) . The diagram at the end of this report illustrates this reactor along with all the bolded components. ii) In this section, I will explain the process leading up to the failure and the failure itself. Hours before the explosion, engineers deep down the plant were planning tests to see how the reactor would run on low power (International Atomic Energy Agency, 2006). The engineers added control rods to slow the reaction. They then disable the cooling system, which was a major safety violation. The reactor was then incrementally slowed to derive the lowest operating power (The Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster, 2008). Soon after, the engineers noticed that the reactor was moving towards shutdown, so they quickly lifted the control rods to increase the rate of reaction. Suddenly, the power levels of the reactors increased, uncontrollably, and caused fuel elements to rupture along with an increase in steam generation (World Nuclear Association, 2009). This led to the detachment of the react or support case which caused the control rods to jam. The channel pipes then burst, and the explosion occurred, releasing 50 oodles of radioactive particles into the atmosphere (World Nuclear Association, 2009). 3. Reasons for the failureChernobyl was most definitely a preventable disaster (Frot, 2004). Even though the RBMK design was perhaps not the safest reactor design, it still would not have exploded had the people obscure taken the appropriate precautions necessary (Medvedev, 1990, p. 73). The technical failure of Chernobyl was due to native pressure increases along with design malfunctions. However, that was not the only cause. The engineers in name of Chernobyl were also suppressed by the Soviet bureaucracy who did not conquer for time to be wasted on such things as safety, snap much more time on advancement and cutting be (Frot, 2004). Hence, the engineers and workers at the power plant were not rigorously trained in safety nor did they regard safety as paramount (M edvedev, 1990, p. 70).4. Lessons to be learnedThe Chernobyl Disaster left a devastating impact on the people and the surrounding environment. Improper technique, untrained personnel, and lack of oversight all contributed to this disaster. As engineers or aspiring engineers, it is our duty to understand the potential impacts of our design decisions. non the least of which is the attention to safety. If a culture of safety is not civilised then disasters such as Chernobyl will become possible realities. On the other hand, if a culture of safety is cultivated then disasters such as Chernobyl will become easily preventable.ReferencesFrot, Jacques. The Causes of the Chernobyl Event. (2004). Retrieved 16 February, 2010, fromhttp//74.125.155.132/search?q= lay awayddH2v8pgJukJwww.ecolo.org/documents/documents_in_english/Causes.ChernobyJF.doc+causes+of+chernobylcd=2hl=enct=clnkgl=caclient=firefox-a. International Atomic Energy Agency. Frequently Asked Questions about Chernobyl. (2006). Retr ieved 16 February, 2010, from http//www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Features/Chernobyl-15/cherno-faq.shtml.Medvedev, Zhores. (1992). The legacy of Chernobyl. New York W. W. Norton Company. The Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster. (2008). Retrieved 16 February, 2010, from http//www.bentan.me/chernobyl/?page.World Nuclear Association. Chernobyl Accident. (2009). Retrieved 16 February, 2010, from http//www.world-nuclear.org/ data/chernobyl/inf07.html.

Henry David Thoreaus Civil Disobedience and Martin Luther Kings Lette

enthalpy David Thoreaus Civil Disobedience and Martin Luther Kings Letter from Birmingham Jail Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King, in Civil Disobedience and Letter from Birmingham Jail, respectively, both conjure a definitive argument on the rights of insubordination during specified epochs of societal injustice. Thoreau, in his enduring contemplation of life and its purpose, insightfully analyzes the conflicting relationship between the governing body and the people it governs. He considerately evokes the notion that the majority of people ar restrained by the government and society from making decisions with consideration of their conscience and that people need to overcome the reign of the government to realize their experience ethics and morals. King, in accordance, eloquently and passionately contends the injustice presented in the dirty treatment of and the discriminatory attitude towards Blacks. Even though, Thoreau successfully accentuates his main concerns in hi s argument, his posture in persuasionappeals, conclusion, and practical applicationpales in parity to that of Kings.In persuasive essays, appeals represent significant, rhetorical factors that rate the effectiveness of impact. Although Thoreau applies ethos, logos, and pathos in his essay, his writing lacks able organization, which affects the presentation and efficiency of his appeals. They tolerate their influence amidst Thoreaus philosophical ranting. King, on the other hand, cons...

censorship Essay -- essays research papers fc

Censorship is the act of suppressing publications, movies, television programs, plays, letters, and so on that are considered to be obscene, blasphemous, or politically unacceptable (MccGwire 4). Censorship should be enforced because it is take into nowadayss society. Censorship needs to be used in media, hate speech, and obscene material.To begin with, the media has very negative effect on society as a whole. The mass mediamovies, television, and recordingsneed to be regulated, and non only because of appeals to irresponsible lust(Lowenthal 19). They have immersed us in personnel as well, habituated us to the most extreme brutality, held it up as a model and surrounded us by images of hateful human types so memorable as to cause a psychological insecurity that is perilous(Lowenthal 19). The only answer is governmental regulation, if necessary prior to publicationthat is, censorship. (Lowenthal 19). The media has influenced novel children into thinking that force-out is accep table. Children learn acceptable codes of conduct by imitating their mentors and others, such as celebrities that they look up to. Society needs to set a good example for children so that they can build bright futures for themselves.The media is partly to blame for many of the hate crimes that take place in todays world. Perhaps you have seen studies by some experts telling you that depictions of violence do not lead to violent b...

Ground Effect :: physics

The shew Effect (or Wing in Ground Effect) is a natural phenomenon that occurs due to vortices caused by a difference in pressure between the two sides of a wing. This emergence preserve be very dangerous to inexperienced pilots, simply can be utilise by creative engineers. Nearly all pilots have experienced a strange phenomenon during landing. While everything is happening as it should during correctly, a cushion of aura gets detain be crushed the wing during the last few meters to the runway. This throws strike the rate of decent and can be dangerous if the pilot has already begun to flare up and decelerate for landing. This means the tack would climb again while retardation down, which would easily lead to a stall.However, pilots who are aware of this effect can use it to their advantage. Pilots during World War II who had fuel leaks flew scant meters pip the ground, conserving fuel until safe territory was reached. This effect is not really caused by a cushion of air at all, rather, by vortices of air off the tips of the wings.For a plane to create sustain, its wings must create low pressure on top and high pressure on the bottom. However, at the tips of the wings, the high pressure pushes and the low pressure pulls air onto the top of the wing, lessen lift and creating a current flowing to the top. This current remains nevertheless after the wing has left the area, producing really awesome vortices.This flow of air reduces the high pressure and increases the low pressure systems, thus reducing lift and increasing induced drag a great deal. However, once the plane nears the ground (usually half of the distance from the wingtip to fuselage) this flow is importantly reduced. Therefore, the lift is significantly increased. This is the ground effect.Creative engineers can take advantage of the ground effect and create craft called Ekranoplans. These were gigantic boat planes built by the Soviet Union during the Cold War to transport large amounts of material quickly. These planes could alone fly in the ground effect (over water, ice, or flat ground) but were very efficient.

Analysis of Baxters Gryphon Essay -- Charles Baxter

In Gryphon by Charles Baxter, a class of fourth manakin students gets a substitute teacher. She is very eccentric but knowledgeable and tells the all in all class a lot of myths and facts. It is up to the class to decide what is accepted or not.In Gryphon, Miss Ferenczi specifically calls her wronged math answer a substitute fact but also tells the class many different things and myths that are true. For example, she tells the class a great deal about Egypt and that features of the system of the United States are notable for their Egyptian ideas. (145) Her whole lecture was arrant(a) fact about Egypt, a country she had a passion for. However, it left(p) the kids wondering if what she said was false, for she misled them earlier that day. Although the kids argued about her, this leaves the grea...

Michael Wigglesworth: Devoted Preacherman Overcomes Sickliness And Sill

Michael Wigglesworth Devoted Preacherman Overcomes Sickliness And poor Name to Write The First American Bestseller THE MAN (NO MYTH, NO LEGEND) puritan diaries provide feeble fodder for biographical blurbs. Most diaries focus chiefly on spiritual growth. The diary of Michael Wigglesworth is hardly an exception. As noted in the reputable Dictionary of Literary Biography, Wigglesworths private, personal life is meet by much ambiguity and conjecture. Wigglesworth (1631-1705) spent the bulk of his life in Malden, Massachusetts, his activities alternating between preaching, writing preachy poetry, and retching in pain. He examine at Harvard and eventually became a practicing physician and minister. He hardly had a year of preaching under his proverbial belt when an obscure painful, moderate disease smote him silly. The disease ravaged his innards for nearly twenty years, during which date he had to decline the presidency of Harvard and turn to poetry as a means of preaching from his sickbed (Bosco 337-342).When compared to some of his contemporaries, Wigglesworth composed a fairly slim down collection of poetry. However, The Day of Doom, an Edwards-esque diatribe detailing the second coming of Christ, achieved big popularity. Hailed by numerous scholars as the first American bestseller, the poem (comprise of 224 eight-line stanzas) was an warm success in the American colonies. Generations of schoolchildren memorized it, and their pious parents clutched it closely. Perhaps roused by his success, or by his marriage to a woman 25 years his junior, Wigglesworth do a startling recovery and spurned his disease. As Cotton Mather observed, It blithesome God wondrously to restore His Faithful Servant. He... ...mporaries Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor. Wigglesworths style strikes contemporary readers as more appropriate to the pulpit than to poetic stanzas. The didactic style, scarce what Puritan readers favored, displeases most modern readers (Bosco 337-342). Works CitedBosco, Ronald A. Michael Wigglesworth. Dictionary of Literary Biography. Vol 24 American Colonial Writers. Ed. Emory Elliot. Princeton U Gale Group, 1984. 337-342.Radel, Nicholas F. A Sodom Within Historicizing Puritan Homoerotics in the Diary of Michael Wigglesworth. The Puritan Origins of American Sex. Eds. Tracy Fessenden, Nicholas F. Radel, and Magdalena J. Zaborowska. New York Routledge, 2001.Works ConsultedWigglesworth, Michael. The Day of Doom, or a Poetical Description of the Great and Last Judgment. Ed. Kenneth B. Murdock. New York Russell & Russell, 1966.